(6)Long Term Memory and Learning Techniques

A set of practice flashcards based on lecture notes covering concepts of long-term memory, types of memory, encoding strategies, and effective learning techniques.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The system involved in the storage of information over extended periods.

Explicit Memory

Type of long-term memory that requires conscious awareness to recall.

Semantic Memory

A division of explicit memory that involves facts and general knowledge.

Episodic Memory

A division of explicit memory that involves personally experienced events.

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory involving motor and cognitive skills.

Implicit Memory

Type of memory that does not require conscious awareness for recall.

Priming

An enhanced identification of objects or words as a result of prior exposure.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that happens through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Reliving Memory

A component of episodic memory that allows one to re-experience past events.

Neuropsychological Research

Studies that analyze brain conditions affecting memory types.

Double Dissociation

A situation in which one memory system is impaired while another is intact.

Episodic vs Semantic Memory

Episodic memory relates to personal experiences, while semantic memory relates to knowledge and facts.

Autobiographical Memory

A complex interplay of episodic and semantic memory pertaining to personal life events.

Personal Semantic Memories

Semantic memories that have personal significance.

Prospective Memory

The ability to remember to fulfill future intended actions.

Aging and Memory

The phenomenon of semanticization refers to the loss of episodic details in memories over time.

Levels of Processing

A theory suggesting that deeper levels of processing result in more durable memory.

Visual Imagery

A technique to improve memory encoding by creating mental images.

Self-Reference Effect

The tendency for individuals to better remember information that relates to themselves.

Active Production

Generating responses or information increases recall ability.

Elaboration

A mnemonic technique where one connects new information to existing knowledge for better retention.

Retrieval Practice

The act of recalling information enhances future retrieval of that information.

Distributing Practice

The strategy of spreading study sessions over time to enhance memory retention.

Illusions of Knowing

The false sense of knowledge that can occur when one is merely familiar with information.

Active Note-Taking

Engaging with the material by writing notes, rather than transcribing verbatim.

Craig & Watkins Study (1973)

Research that indicated that amount of repetition does not correlate with recall success.

Memory Test Example

Using various prompts to test recall efficacy, like rhyming or contextual fits.

Motor Skills Memory

Type of procedural memory that involves physical movements.

Cognitive Skills Memory

Type of procedural memory that involves mental processes.

Neuroscience of Memory

The study of how memory processes are supported by biological mechanisms.

Encoding Strategies

Techniques that help in transferring information into LTM.

Interleaved Practice

Mixing different subjects or types of problems to improve learning.

Emotional Impact on Memory

The influence that emotions can have on how memories are formed and retrieved.

Context-Dependent Memory

The improved recall of specific information when the context present at encoding and retrieval is the same.

State-Dependent Memory

The phenomenon where an individual's mood or state affects retrieval of memories.

Spaced Repetition

A learning technique that involves reviewing material at spaced intervals.

Social Learning Theory

Learning that occurs within a social context, mainly through observation or interaction.

Metamemory

The awareness and understanding of one's own memory abilities.

Cognitive Load

The amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.

Affective Forecasting

The process of predicting how one will feel in the future.

Mnemonics

Techniques that aid memory by organizing information in a meaningful way.

Chunking

A strategy to improve memory by grouping information into manageable units.

Storytelling in Learning

Using narratives to help remember facts and concepts.

Feedback in Learning

Reinforcement provided after a response has been made to enhance learning.

Memory Decay

The fading of memories over time without rehearsal or retrieval.

Schema Theory

The idea that all knowledge is organized into units, or schemas.

Memory Consolidation

The process by which memories become stable in the brain.

External Encoding

Using environmental aids or cues to facilitate memory encoding.

Contextual Cues

Stimuli present at the time of encoding that assist in memory retrieval.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to remember information presented at the beginning of a list better than the middle.

Recency Effect

The tendency to remember the most recent information presented in a list better than the earlier information.

Long-Term Potentiation

A long-lasting enhancement in communication between two neurons that results from their repeated stimulation.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.