Ch 20: Brain Structure and Function

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Folla

Hypothalamus

Medulla Oblongata

Medulla Oblongata

Midbrain

Midbrain

Olfactory Bulb

Olfactory Tract

Optic Tract

Pineal Gland

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Gland

Pons

Pons

Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord

Thalamus

Medulla Oblongata

contains vital centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, vomiting, coughing

Cerebellum

smooths and coordinates skilled skeletal muscle movement; also posture and balance or equilibrium

Pineal Gland

secretes melatonin that controls the sleep-wake cycle

Hypothalamus

controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system; regulates hormones, emotional behavior, temperature, eating, and drinking behavior

Cerebral Cortex

interprets sensory input, controls skilled skeletal muscle movements, and is involved in emotional and intellectual processes

Pons

helps control breathing; conducts impulses to and from the cerebellum, midbrain and medulla

Thalamus

relays all sensory input to the cerebral cortex; involved in skeletal muscle actions and memory processing

Corpora Quadrigemina

coordinates visual and auditory reflexes

Basal Nuclei

coordinates gross, automatic muscle movements; also involved with the limbic system

Corpus Callosum

white fiber tracts communicating between hemispheres

What areas make up the brain stem?

The medulla, pons, and midbrain

What areas make up the diencephalon?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Precentral gyrus, in the cerebrum

Postcentral gyrus, in the cerebrum

Postcentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory functions, processes touch

Precentral gyrus

Primary motor cortex, controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body

Central sulcus

A deep groove in the cerebral cortex that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe and separates the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Lateral sulcus

A major groove on the lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe (separates the sensory and visual areas).

parieto-occipital sulcus

Longitudinal fissure

the deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain

Longitudinal fissure

Transverse fissure 

A deep groove in the brain that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Transverse fissure

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

a part of the frontal lobe that initiates voluntary muscle movements by sending signals to the body's muscles

Premotor cortex

a brain area located in the frontal lobe that helps plan and select voluntary movements based on context and sensory cues

Premotor cortex

Broca’s area

A region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, the muscle movements needed for speech, and helping to form words and sentences

Broca’s area

Primary somatosensory cortex

processes somatic sensations like touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and proprioception (body position)

Primary somatosensory cortex

Primary visual cortex

the first cortical region in the brain to process visual information received from the eyes

Primary visual cortex

Primary auditory cortex

processes basic auditory information, such as pitch, volume, and sound localization

Primary auditory cortex

Primary gustatory cortex

the brain region responsible for the conscious perception of taste

Primary gustatory cortex

Primary olfactory cortex

a region of the brain responsible for processing smells, receiving direct input from the olfactory bulb

Primary olfactory cortex

Pink

Somatosensory association area (behind the postcentral gyrus, as the somatosensory area and postcentral gyrus are similar. The somatosensory area is the functional name, while the postcentral gyrus is the anatomical name)

Light blue near back

Somatosensory association area

the part of the brain that processes tactile information to recognize and interpret objects by touch

Visual association area

a region of the brain in the occipital lobe that processes and interprets visual information received from the primary visual cortex

Visual association area 

Light green

Auditory association area

a region in the brain's temporal lobe that interprets and processes raw sound data from the primary auditory cortex; gives meaning to sounds and identifies sounds

Auditory association area

Maroon

Orbitofrontal association area

A region in the frontal lobe of the brain crucial for decision-making, emotion, and reward processing. It receives and integrates information from multiple sensory modalities, including taste, smell, touch, sight, and sound, as well as emotional signals from the amygdala.

Orbitofrontal association area (orbitofrontal cortex)

Light pink

Wernicke’s area

a region in the left cerebral hemisphere, typically in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, that is primarily responsible for language comprehension

Wernicke’s area

Light translucent blue 

Common integrative area

It integrates sensory information from various areas to form a complete understanding of language, emotions, and complex sensory experiences. This area is crucial for interpreting both written and spoken language.  

Common integrative area

Between all the blue

Prefrontal cortex

a center for higher-order cognitive functions like planning, decision-making, working memory, and appropriate social behavior

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Superficial to deep, what are the layers of the meninges?

Around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space

Where does CSF circulate?

A choroid plexus, found in each ventricle

What makes CSF?

Flow of CSF

Lateral ventricles; one in each hemisphere

Red

Septum pellucidum

The wall that separates the lateral ventricles

Interventricular foramen of the lateral ventricles 

Third ventricle

Blue

fourth ventricle

green

3rd ventricle

Where is the cerebral aqueduct?

4th ventricle

Where are the lateral and medial apertures?