Anatomy and physiology

Superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Superficial

toward or at the body surface

Deep

away from the body surface; more internal

Anatomical Position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know

Anterior/Ventral Body

front

Posterior/Dorsal Body

back of body

Sagittal

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane)

like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back)

Oblique Sections

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

Dorsal Body Cavity

protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions

Cranial Cavity

in the skull, encases the brain

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera

Thoracic Cavity

surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Pleural Cavities

lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum

Pericardial Cavity

encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serosa (Serous Membrane)

the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane

What is anatomy?

the study of structure ex: bones

What is physiology?

the study of function at many levels ex: blood pumping

gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

the study of structures that are so small they can be seen only with a microscope

What are our survival needs as human beings?

Nutrients, water, oxygen (ATP production), atmospheric pressure, and Normal body temperature (98.6 Fahrenheit or 37 Celsius)

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level

What does the digestive system do?

takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

What does the respiratory system do?

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

What does the urinary system do?

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

What does the cardiovascular system do?

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs

What does the integumentary system do?

protects the body as a whole from the external environment

What are the main parts of the integumentary system?

hair, nails and skin

What does the skeletal system do?

supports and protects tissues, stores calcium and minerals, forms blood cells

What are the main parts of the Skeletal System?

bones and joints

What does the muscular system do?

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat; skeletal muscles

What are the main parts of the nervous system?

the brain, nerves and spinal cord

What are the main parts of the endocrine system?

pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis, hypothalamus, and pancreas

What are the main parts of the cardiovascular system?

blood vessels and heart

main parts of lymphatic system/ immunity

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

main parts of respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus

main parts of digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus

main parts of urinary system

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

main parts of male and female reproductive systems

male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

What are some functions of the lymphatic system?

it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity;

What is homeostasis?

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever

What are control mechanisms for homeostasis?

receptor (receives), control center (interprets) , effector (action)

What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example

Returns to homeostasis ex: sweating, hand on a hot stove

What are positive feedback examples?

not in homeostasis; effector speeds up reactions ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin(childbirth), platelet plug formation and blood clotting

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

prone position

lying face down

the head is _ to the abdomen

superior

the navel is to the chin

inferior

the breastbone is _ to the spine

anterior (ventral)

the heart is _ to the breastbone

posterior (dorsal)

the heart is _ to the arm

medial

the arms are _ to the chest

lateral

the collarbone is _ between the breastbone and shoulder

intermediate

the elbow is _ to the wrist

proximal

the knee is ___ to the thigh

distal

the skin is to the skeletal muscles

superficial

the lungs are _ to the skin

deep

What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?

Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body.

Why is the formation of platelet plug called positive feedback? What event ends it?

This is a pos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel.

Regional terms are used to ……

designate specific areas within major body divisions

The most frequent planes

Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse

Sagittal plane

vertical plane

Midsagittal plane

median for the sagittal plane

Parasagittal plane

offset from the midline or midsagittal plane

Frontal plane

vertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts

transverse or horizontal plane

horizontal from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

what does the dorsal body cavity contain

cranial and vertebral cavity

what does the ventral body cavity contain

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

What cavity is the brain in?

cranial cavity

what cavity contains the spinal cord

vertebral cavity

what cavity contains the heart and lungs

thoracic cavity

what is between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

what cavity contains the digestive viscera

Abdominal cavity

what cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

pelvic cavity

what are the three parts of the thoracic cavity

superior mediastinum, pluerla cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

what does the dorsal body cavity contain

cranial and vertebral cavity

what does the ventral body cavity contain

thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the lungs

pleural cavities

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart and esophagus and trachea

pericardial cavity

What is the thoracic cavity?

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)

the walls of the ____ body cavity are covered by a thin, double layered membrane

ventral

the double layered membrane covering the the outer surfaces of the organs is the …

serosa or serous membrane

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the ….

parietal serosa

When the parietal serosa folds in on itself it forms the ….

visceral serosa

the is the center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval)

umbilical region

the right and left regions lie lateral to the umbilical region

lumbar

what region is the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine in

umbilical region

What is the anatomical position? And why is it important that you learn this position?

The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it is in this position

The axiliary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located?

axillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder