Lab exam 2 Arm & LE

Gluteus Maximus

Hip extension, external rotation, Abduct hip

Origin: Ilium, sacrum, coccyx

Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial band

Gluteus medius

Hip abduction, anterior fibers (internal rotation, flexion), posterior fibers (external rotation, extension)

Origin: lateral ilium

insertion: greater trochanter of the femur

Gluteus Minimums

Hip abduction, medial rotation

Origin: Ilium (between anterior & inferior gluteal lines)

Insertion: Grater trochanter of femur

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Hip flexion, abduction, medial rotation, stabilizes knee

Origin: Iliac crest & ASIS

Insertion: Iliac crest and ASIS

Iliopsoas

Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation, knee flexion

Origin: lumbar vertebrae, iliac fossa

Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia

Sartorius

Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation, knee flexion

Origin: ASIS

Insertion: Medial surface of the proximal tibia

Rectus Femoris

Hip flexion, knee extension

Origin: AIIS

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity (patellar tendon)

Vastus Lateralis

knee extension

Origin: Grater trochanter, linea aspera

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

Vastus Medialis

Knee extension

Origin: Linea aspera

Insertion: tibial tuberosity

Vastus Intermedius

Knee extension

Origin: anterior femur

Insertion: Tibia tuberosity

Adductor longus

Hip adduction, extension

Origin: Pubis

Insertion: Linea aspera, adductor tubercle

Adductor Mangus

Hipp adduction, extension

Origin: Ischial tuberosity, pubis

Insertion: Linea aspera, adductor tubercle

Gracilis

Hip adduction, knee flexion

Origin: Inferior pubic ramus

Insertion: Linea aspera, adductor tubercle

Biceps Femoris

Hip extension, knee flexion

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Head of fibula

Semitendinosus

Hip extension, knee flexion

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Ischial tuberosity

Semimembranosus

Hip extension, knee flexion

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Posterior medial condyle of tibia

Tibialis Anterior

Dorsiflexion, inversion

Origin: lateral condyle and surface of tibia

Insertion: medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsal

Extensor digitorum longus

Extension of toe, dorsiflexion

Origin: the lateral condyle of tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane

Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe

Extensor Hallucis

Extension of great toe, dorsiflexion

Origin: middle fibula, interosseous membrane

Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe

Gastrocnemius

Plantar and knee flexion

Origin: medial and lateral condyles of femur

Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon

Soleus

Plantar Flexion

Origin: Posterior tibia and fibula

Insertion: Calcaneus

Plantaris

Weak plantar flexion of ankle, weak flexion of knee

Origin: Lateral supracondylar of femur

Insertion: Calcaneus

Tibialis Posterior

Plantar flexion, inversion

Origin: Posterior tibia and fibula

Insertion: Navicular, cuneiforms, metarasals 2-4

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Toe flexion, plantar flexion, inversion of foot

Origin: Posterior fibula

Insertion: Distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Flexor Hallucis longus

Flexion of great tie, plantar flexion, inversion of foot

Origin: Posterior fibula

Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe

Fibularis longus

Eversion, plantar flexion

Origin: head and lateral surface of fibula

Insertion: Base of 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform

Fibularis Brevis

Eversion

Origin: lower lateral fibula

Insertion: Base of 5th metatarsal,

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Prevents anterior translation of tibia on femur

Injured by: twisting or sudden stop/change in direction

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Prevents posterior translation of tibia in femur

Injured by: Direct blow to anterior tibia (dashboard injury)

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

Prevents valgus stress at knee 

Injured by: lateral impact at knee joint

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

Prevents varus stress at knee

Medial impact or hyperextension injury

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

Palpable at front top of pelvis

Trace iliac crest anteriorly to a pointed prominence

Ischial Tuberosity

Palpable when sitting

Large posterior inferior prominence you sit on

Grater trochanter

palpable when sitting

large posterior inferior prominence you sit on

Patella

triangle bone above tibia with knee extended

Medial and lateral epicondyle of femur

palpate just above knee joint on medial/lateral side femoral sides

Tibial tuberosity

palpable below patella on anterior tibia as a boney bump

Medial malleolus

Palpable inner ankle bony prominence

Lateral Malleolus

Palpable outer ankle prominence

Calcaneus

Palpable large heel bone 

Good landmark for foot alignment 

Gluteus Maximus Functional Deficits

Difficulty rising from a chair, climbing stairs, or maintaining an upright posture,

Compensation with trunk extension

Impact: Reduced independence in sit to stand transfers and stair negotiation

Gluteus medius/minimus Functional Deficits

Trendelenburg gait, pelvic drop, instability during single-leg stance.

Impact: Poor balance, increased fall risk during ambulation or standing tasks.

Iliopsoas Functional Deficits 

Difficulty initiating gait or lifting leg to climb stairs; compensatory trunk movements.

Impact: Reduced mobility for stair climbing, dressing lower body, or stepping over obstacles

Adductors Functional Deficits

Poor medial stability, scissoring gait, difficulty controlling limb during stance

impact: Challenges with bed mobility, crossing legs, and controlled transitions.

Tensor Fasciae Late Functional Deficits

Weakness affects pelvic and knee stability during stance

impact: Reduced balance during standing and side stepping activities

Quadriceps Functional Deficits

Knee buckling, difficulty extending knee, or controlling descent to sit

Impact: Decreased ability for sit-to-stand, stair climbing, or toileting transfers

Hamstring Functional Deficits

Difficulty bending knee, poor deceleration in gait, decreased control in lowering

impact: Increased fall risk when sitting or descending stairs; poor balance control

Tibialis Anterior Functional Deficits

Foot drop, steppage gait, lack of heel strike

Impact: Increased tripping hazard during walking; difficulty with community mobility.

Gastrocnemius/soleus Functional Deficits

Weak push-off, impaired balance, decreased propulsion, plantar flexion

Impact: Fatigue with walking, difficulty with uneven terrain or tiptoe activities.

Fibularis longus/brevis 

Ankle instability and frequent sprains, eversion effected

impact: Difficulty maintaining balance, reduced safety on uneven surfaces

Tibialis Posterior Functional Deficits

Flatfoot deformity, loss of medial arch support.

Impact: Pain or instability during walking and standing tasks.

Intrinsic foot muscles

Decreased arch support, foot fatigue, poor balance

Impact: difficulty with prolonged standing, walking, or balance-based occupations.

Pronator Teres

Pronation and weak elbow flexion

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Insertion: Lateral surface of radius

Innervation: median nerve

Flexor carpi radialis

flexes and abducts wrist

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

innervation: median nerve

Palmaris longus

flexes wrist and tense palmar fascia

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: palmar aponenuosis

innervation: Median N

Flexor Carpi ulnaris 

Flexes and adducts wrist

origin: medial Epicondyle of humerus and olecranon

insertion: pisiform, hook of hamate, base of 5th metacarpal

innervation: ulnar N

Flexor digitorum superficials

Flexes PIP joints, assists in wrist flexion

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process, radius

Insertion: middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Intervention: Median N

Flexor digitorum profundus

Origin: Ulna and interosseous membrane

Insertion: bases of distal of the digits 2-5

Pronator Quadratus

Pronation of forearm

Origin: Distal ulna

Insertion: Distal radius

Innervation: median nerve

Brachioradialis

Flexes elbow (especially mid pronation)

Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

insertion: styloid process of radius

innervation: radial nerve

extensor carpi radialis longus

Extends and abducts wrist

Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: base of 2nd metacarpal 

innervation: radial N

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

extends and abducts wrist

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: base of 3rd metacarpal

Innervation: radial N

extensor digitorum

extends digits 2-5 and wrist

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: extensor expansions of digits 2-5

innervation: radial n

extensor digiti minimi

extends 5th digit

origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

insertion: extensor expansion of 5th digit

innervation: radial N

extensor carpi ulnaris

extends and adducts wrist

origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulna

insertion: base of 5th metacarpal

innervation: radial nerve

supinator

Supinates forearm

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus & proximal ulna

Insertion: Proximal radius

Innervation: radial N

Abductor pollicis longus

Abducts and extends thumb

Origin: posterior ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal

Innervation: Radial N

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extends thumb at IP joint

Origin; Posterior radius and interosseous membrane

Insertion: base of distal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: Radial N

Extensor pollicis longus

Extend thumb at IP joint

Origin: posterior ulna and interosseous membrane

Insertions: base of distal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: Radial nerve

Extensor indicis

Extends the index finger

Origin: posterior ulna and interosseous membrane

Insertion: extensor expansion of 2nd digit

Innervation: radial N

Abductor pollicis brevis

Abducts thumb

Origin: Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium 

insertion: proximal phalanx of the thumb

Innervation: Median N

Flexor pollicis brevis

Flexes thumb

Origin: flexor retinaculum and trapezium

Insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: Median N

Opponens Pollicis

Opposes thumb

Origin: Flexor retinaculum & trapezium

Insertion: lateral 1st metacarpal

Innervation: Median N

Adductor pollicis

Adducts thumb

Origin: oblique head (base of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals), Transverse head (3rd metacarpal)

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: ulnar N

Abductor digiti minimi

Flexes little finger

Origin: Pisiform

Insertion: Proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Innervation: ulnar N

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Opposes little finger

Origin: Hook of hamate & flexor retinaculum

Insertion: 5th metacarpal

Innervation: Ulnar nerve

Lumbricals

Adducts digit towards midline

Origin: tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

Insertion: Extensor expansions & proximal phalanges of digits 2-5

Innervation: Ulnar N

Palmar interossei

Adduct digits toward midline

Origin: shafts of 2nd, 4th, & 5th metacarpals

Insertion: extensor expansion & proximal phalanges of digits 2, 4, & 5

innervation: ulnar N

Dorsal interossei

Abduct digits away from midline

Origin: adjacent sides of metacarpals

Insertion: extensor expansions & proximal phalanges of digits 2-4

Innervations: Ulnar N