Human geo final

Plessy v Ferguson.

A landmark Supreme Court case from 1896 that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, affirming the constitutionality of racial segregation laws in public facilities.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Brown vs. Board of Education

A landmark Supreme Court case from 1954 that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectively overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s, restricting the rights of the non-white population.

Homelands

Areas designated for black South Africans during apartheid, restricting their movement and rights.

Nelson Mandela

Anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader who became South Africa's first black president.

Civil Rights Bill

Legislation aimed at ending discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the United States.

Martin Luther King Jr

Prominent civil rights leader known for his use of nonviolent protest and famous for his "I Have a Dream" speech. He was shot and killed

Human Development

The improvement of peoples freedoms, rights, capabilities, choices, and material conditions

Human Development Index

A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators used to rank countries for development.

Agriculture:

The practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising animals for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.

Subsistence Agriculture:

A type of farming where farmers grow enough food to feed themselves and their families, with little to no surplus for sale.

Industrial/Commercial Agriculture:

A large-scale farming system that focuses on the production of crops and livestock for sale in the market, utilizing advanced technology and methods to maximize yield and efficiency.

Plantation Agriculture (def and location)

A farming system that specializes in the cultivation of cash crops on large estates, typically found in tropical regions.

Food insecurity

The state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. It is often caused by factors such as poverty, lack of resources, and insufficient food distribution systems.

What are the three reasons for food insecurity?

Poverty, lack of resources, insufficient food distribution systems.

Megacity (def and where they are located) -

a densely populated metropolitan area with a total population of over 10 million people, often featuring extensive urban infrastructure. Prominent examples include Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York City. They’re usually found in developing countries/ coast lines/ SE Asia and Asia

world city

a major urban center that influences global culture, economy, and politics, often serving as a focal point for international business and finance.

Sustainability

the ability to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, often emphasizing environmental protection, social equity, and economic viability.

Ecological footprint

is a measure of the environmental impact of an individual, community, or organization, expressed as the amount of land and water required to produce the resources consumed and to absorb the waste generated.

Livability

a measure of the quality of life in a city, often considering factors like safety, housing, education, and access to services.

the biggest driver/ reason for urbanization in developing countries creating a boom of megacities in developing countries

is rapid population growth, often fueled by rural-to-urban migration as individuals seek better employment opportunities, services, and living conditions.

Describe and explain one sustainable design initiative.

One sustainable design initiative is the creation of green buildings, which incorporate eco-friendly materials, energy-efficient systems, and sustainable practices to minimize environmental impact and promote a healthier living environment.