APUSH STUDY OR CRY 6.8-6.9 CARDS

Contract labor law of 1885

Industrial temporary workers to protect American workers from foreign competition

Employers: opposition to immigration

Feared immigrants would advocate for radical reforms. Strikes and the labor movement blamed on immigrants

Tammy Hall

Political machine in New York City, led by William “Boss”tweed, took millions of dollars from NYC/NY through fraud and debt

American Protective Association

Largest anti-catholic organization of the 1890s

Tenement apartments

Landlords divided inner-city housing into small windowless rooms, rented by room, industrial workers many were immigrants, overcrowding and filth helped spread deadly diseases- cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis.

Chinese exclusion act

1882- ended immigration of people from china, pressure for America from western states, not fully lifted until 1965

Old immigrants vs. new immigrants

Old- prior to 1880s, northern + Western Europe, Protestant, English speaking, high literacy, Irish + German Catholics faced discrimination, many moved to rural America

New- 1890- WW1(1914), southern + eastern Europe, poor + illiterate peasants, Catholics, Greek/roman orthodox, Jewish, left autocracy- unfamiliar with democracy, lived in crowded ethnic neighborhoods in cities

Social Darwinists: opposition to immigration

Believed that southern + Eastern Europeans and all now Europeans were biologically inferior to people of English and Germanic history

Jane Adam

Started a settlement home in Chicago 1889. Hull house- became the most famous example of a settlement house

Push Factor

Negative factors from which people are fleeing. Ex- religious persecution, particularly against Jews in Eastern Europe. Overcrowding and joblessness in European cities as a result of population growth,

Ethnic neighborhoods

Created by immigrants in crowded cities, ethnic groups maintained their language, culture, church or temple, and social club. Many had their own newspaper and schools. Served as a spring load for ambition and hardworking immigrants and their children to achieve their version of the American dream

Pull factors

Positive attraction of the adopted country. Ex- US reputation for political and religious freedom, economic opportunities afforded by the settling of the west, abundance of industrial jobs in US cities, large steamships and inexpensive one way passage.

Political Machine

Started as social clubs and later developed into power centers to coordinate the need of business, immigrants, and the underprivileged. Machines supported immigrants in exchange for votes on Election Day- stole money from taxpayers through fraud- called graft ex- Tammany Hall. Brought services to cities made form of welfare- jobs, apartments, food

Settlement houses

well educated, middle class women and men were concerned about the lives of the poor and immigrants in cities. Settled in immigrant neighborhoods to learn about the problem of immigrant families. Hoped to relieve property by providing social services to people in poor and immigrant neighborhoods- taught English, early childhood education, industrial arts, neighborhood theaters and music school.

Nativists : opposition to immigration

Felt immigrants would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Anglo majority. Most nativists were Protestant and held prejudice against Roman Catholics

Labor union: opposition to immigration

Motivated by economic concerns, felt that employers used immigrant labor to depress wages and break strikes