English Sources - E - reasons for Charles I execution pg16, 19, 23, 25, 27,

Charles letter to Queen Henrietta Maria 1646 - 6 weeks apart

31 Aug - intensified desperation - 1 July - NC propositions from Eng parl has been submitted to King surrendering to Scots.

“flat denial is to be delayed as long as possible” - negotiated with parl for 1 yr over NC - 3 drafts.

• HM = military advisor to Charles + most trusted political and military advisor. she is the younger sister of French King - inviting Catholic country

• parl to control militia for 20 yrs - 58 royalists to be executed bc betrayal of Earl of Strafford

PROVENENACE: strong - Princess of France = connections, Charles cannot lie to her bc younger sister to French.

Envoy recalls Charles I attitudes to negotiations

source shows important idea for King to prolong.

• NC propositions linked with presby who wanted rid of NMA - if king signed no army + independence but alliance with presby party.

• “Envoy” - royalists who carry message between parties for negotiations

• “agitators” - political representatives in NMA grandees e.g. Cromwell associated with levellers. - NMA - Rank and file has become agitators - don’t trust grandees (radicals) bc divisions form within which slows down process.

• “Armies proposals” - Heads of proposals

• “opposed army to death” - despise NMA e.g. declaration of dislike.

  PROVENANCE: strong - royalists would not willingly side with King and gives evidence of both parties offering balanced argument.

• envoys must communicate/inform well otherwise settlement will be wrong - no bias to king.

Charles I third answer to the NC propositions May 1647

discussing what elements of NC propositions he can + cannot commit to. - Parl + Charles review Presbyterianism after 3 yrs (when solemn left covenant Jan 1644. - control over faith.

• presby outnumbered the independence in parl, king not open to negotiations and trying to drive it out.

• links to letter to wife - “no intention of accepting these” - not acknowledging royalists.

Declaration of English New Model army now in Scotland Aug 1650

refers to relationship between Scotland = NMA - NMA blames Presby and is abt the army revolt 1646 as the Scots are harboring Charles Stuart who would be the next king and justification of invasion of Scotland.

“after much prayer” - winds of prayer meeting - NMA known as the prayer army + argue that Gods providence to disrupt parl propositions in London.

“marched to London to propose” - inaccurate bc it was done at the point of a sword.

“corrupt party” - Presbys refusing NC propositions

• clash of ideologies - distorted suggests they are heroic

Scottish Presby who had spent much of the 1640s in London

describing situation in London - lay blame on parl especially presbys in parl + NMA feet.

• Charles was in custody of NMA in New Market - nervous King will expect terms

• upset at presby bc didn’t unite religion + kicked independents out of parl - Solemn League.

• “army’s great pride” - they think they have the right to offer Charles settlement terms but are not apart of the Gov.

• “king is much pities and supported” - divine rights of kings, true bc army is desperate bc if they do not meet satisfactory, he will overthrow.

  PROVENANCE: strong bc written by Scotts - presbys writing to friend + spread blame widely and critically of his own ppl - no bias.

Cromwell speech at Putney

Cromwell is responding to proposals published in first addition of the Agreement of people - Cromwell + Ireton dislike bc giving vote to 21+ men regardless of property ownership. — voters qualification.

debated by grandees + agitators - Cromwell sided with Levellers for religious tolerance.

• Charles fears presby in parl as they are suspicious of Putney becoming a distraction in order to escape army custody - was taken to the Isle of white by parl who offered 4 bills.

• division was not the problem to why a settlement was not reached.

• Cromwell discussing as debate talk abt hault of army progress that was made to address at the Agreement of people

• “another groups of men” - referring to presby who already pulled this with NC propositions which as political concern.

• “great alterations” - viewed in pov by gentry which are represented by Cromwell - determined to preserve political status quo - proposing changes to regularity of parliament meeting to voter qualification.

Cromwell speaks to parl before the vote on ‘No Addresses’

Cromwell lecturing presby in parl - affirming NMA’s positions on King is to help restore monarchy despite Charles breaking trust.

he is criticizing presbys for not having courage to break with Charles - lack of respect.

• “We declared….” - example = heads of proposals.

• “king has broken trust” - referring to engagement

• “A not owning of God…” - criticizing presby in parl for not taking God’s providence seriously - God wants parl to win civil war so they can represent ppl.

• “Honest party…. who have bled for you” - NMA in 1st civil war.

• “suffer not misery….” - threatening if you don’t come out against King + don’t support no address, NMA will invade.

Officer in NMA recalls prayer meeting at Windsor - JUST AFTER START OF 2nd Civil

Suggesting rank and file soldiers gathered when Cromwell + Grandees not present - divisions form Putney debates.

suggestion that monarchy will be restored after Charles II.

• “cursed sinful negotiations” - links to heads of proposals - God questioning judgement of NMA, providence tells them their duty to bring Charles to account +treat him like an ordinary man. - trail for his crimes.

• “God directed us in prayer” - justification - making them execute King.

• “man of blood to account” - King covered in blood guilt bc sacrificed citizens and does not defend divine right therefor should go on trial. - blame for 1st CW + washed away of divinity.

  PROVIDENCE: published 10yrs after, 1659 = NMA in bad bad position in term of authority and control (parable - most hated yr)

• Allen = agitator looking for God’s guidance - Charles is the problem from a radical POV.

Dorset explain their opposition to parliamentary rule from declaration of the county of Dorset

Dorset = royalists in civil war - after the royalist confiscation of land + southern counties are royalist.

• Dorset listing demands and complaints - royalists loosing land so wants King to restore common laws which had been disregarded during CW/post war.

• assessment tax being levied 12x rate of ship tax - tax riots.

• had land/money taken form them so thought parl had no right to issue taxes.

• parliamentary places e.g. Norwich protest against county committees.

• 1646 CC intro by parl to manage local authorities.

Cromwell - victory of NMA against scots

context - Battle of preston - Cromwell + NMA defeating parl enemies 2nd time in 2nd CW

• think they cannot trust presby - presy in parl are going to betray + go back to vote of no address - Presbys swore to Cromwell + NMA that they will not after any settlement to king.

• ‘you’ - writing directly to presby in parl - lecturing them/asking them to do their bit - open negotiations.

• ‘surely this victory is nothing’ - providence - God has made his judgement

• ‘glorifies itself’ - the engagement + King

Scot army appeals to Londoners join fight for Charles I

Scottish army = negotiations/vote of no address pushing back that there is a chance to restore Charles.

• source is propaganda - pro Charles, unities for hatred of parl and engagement after defeat at battle of Preston.

• appeal to vote of no address.

• London - seat of gov - city needs to be won over if settlement needs to be achieved.

• ‘deceived and oppressed’ - County committees - tax riots.

• ‘liberties and land’ - resentment of CC - riots on Christmas.

• ‘speedy political settlement the only way to preserve them’ - e.g. NC - made it difficult to reach agreement.

• ‘restore to his throne?’ - goal is to help king retake capital.

  PROENANCE: can be credible - ppl prepare to take it into consideration - evidence in first 2 questions - bonds King and country.

• few criticized divine right and a settlement can be reached without him.

rebels in Kent - why taken up arms against parl

• royalists had land and money taken from them.

• county committees have lots of power.

• ‘increasing taxes’ - assessment tax being levied 12x rate of ship tax - tax riots.

• ‘not granted to them by parl’ - trying to change law.

Edward hyde - history of great rebellion published 1707 [‘so he’]

context - presby have asked parl for more time for negotaition 1648 at Newport. - Henry Vane speaking against bc he is an independent.

• blames Charles + presbys in parl [‘at least … done before’]

vane = republican [puritan], independent who hates NMA + no fan of execution without settlement + wants indep to strike deal with King.

• division within indep with presby dominance in HofC = majority disagree with Vane.

• ‘exercise as tyrannical…’ - refusal to give up militia e.g. NC + engagement, undercut by trennial act 1641 - prevented another …..

• ship tax and forest fines 1641

• Hyde = advisor to King, constitutional royalist - monarchy best form of gov for kingdom.

• Charles cannot be trusted - last line

Edward hyde - history of great rebellion published 1707 [‘at the time a new declaration’]

• declaration of dislike - presby demanded parl + despised NMA - accused them of treason in Declaration.

• Hyde - describing lack of debate around submission of army remonstrance.

• HofC rejected Army remonstrance + refused to hear levelers petition in favor of army POV.

• ‘this house refused to take into consideration’ - HofC refused to debate army remonstrance.

• ‘traitors’ = NMA

• ‘king’s answer’ - Newport

• ‘not fully satisfactory’ - what has been achieved = better than war + lack of governance.

• Clarendon = constitutional royalist + advisor to King but did not like him much.

• shows attitude of HofC shown voting to continue negotiations Nov 1648 - first time Charles did face to face negos

Army remonsrance presented to parl

army remon = drafted by NMA grandie Ireton - first to come around at Windsor prayer meeting that Charles needs to be held accountable.

• charles has broken trust by waging war against ppl, have lack of respect “coronation oath”

• charles is to blame - “pervert that trust + abuse power”

• “he will fall…” advocating for trial.

mems of rump - replacing of Charles

• divide between politicaians in rump parl + armies aims.

• discussing what outcome politicians want from the situation army has made at prides purge.

• “Duke of G” = 9 at the time - educate him

• date = 3 days after Cromwell made decision on trial.

  PROVINNENCE:

• Whitelocke = mem of rump parl + croms personal fam lawyer.

• rump parl = largely made up of indeps + not all supported NMA.

• trial = opportunity for sympathy + preserve safety - Charles tried to sway/influence posterity viewed his death.

commons of eng, in parl assembled - less than a month

laws put in place to present image of legitimacy - “make laws”

• “whatever is declared….” - laws declared by commons have the force of law without needing agreement of King + house of lords.

• date = cromwell persistent in trial now - made decision/committed to armies path. - decisive/bold

  PROVIDENCE:

• charle claims innocence + justice to be bestowed upon him - maintaining old laws.

• documented by HofC + formation of commonwealth.

Lucy H - “some regicides”

purpose = written to defend husband bc regicide equited at his trial + took responsibility for signing death warrant.

• defending cromwell + name dropping Ingolsby.

• “some regicides” - some take blame but other blame cromwell + NMA.

• “believed” - regicides lying that they had no choice - forced to.

• “foreseeing…” - ppl lie to avoid truth abt army bc did not want to help empower army - feared strength.

• Lucy = strong puritan.

• husband = close to cromewell + ireton, regicide + grandee from NMA

  Providence = Prides purge + march on London = isolation of army

Thomas scot speech -

justificatory - blames king

• defence of actions of NMA in regards to trail - blaming Charles.

• “agreed to kill king….” - selective evidence - looking at trail narrowly.

• “he was seven …. yield” - true but missing Newport treaty.

• “rising in all places” - tax revolts, Xmas riots Kent+Norwich. - blaming NMA divisions.

• “execution was last resort” - false - not of prides purge did not happen - blaming king.

• date = turmoil in London - NMA + rump parl under threat - positions questioned.

• Scot = regicide - self justifying

  PROVIDENCE:

• protectorate - arguing against installing Cromwell son.

• crom showed showed lots of promise during trail but protectorate turned against him.

Bishop burnet - scot presby

• cromwell in 2 minds abt trial.

• “Ireton” = Grandee blaming ppl in NMA.

• “fairfax” = believed strongly in army - involved in Prides purge.

• “kings party” prides purge + trail made to frighten Charles into making concessions - miscalculation of army.

• Burnet = blaming Ireton for trial/execution [cromwells son in law] - Ireton responsible for for supporting levelers petition which was presented to parl + ignored.

  PROVIDENCE:

• weak - remonstrance + vote of no address made it clear army wanted nothing more to do with negotiations.

• Burnet - 6 at the time of kings trial - relying on royalist resources + elder brother/physician to King very close to CS.

report of cromwells speech in HofC

defending Charles + warn against trial + execution.

• “proceed capitally” - though they were traitors but if God forced them to do so cromwell prayed they will do it in a correct way.

• date = cromwell had made his mind up about execution on this day.

Providence - trial/execution = opportunity for for sympathy.

letter to Lord of Wharton

writing to friend - suggesting that sometimes public trial with jury is necessary to solidfy ppls minds + Gods view.

• process will be hard to kill king based on gods word - has to be proved guilty - don’t always understand Gods wishes so must procced in secular ways.

• suggesting that the king must be trialed - “what if God…”

• “Phineas” - biblical parable.

• date = preparing to move against scots.

Edward hyde - “Ingoldsby stated…”

argues that cromwell forced Ingoldsby to sign execution warrant - sympathy - avoids responsibility - regicide

• Lucy H - argues how he is a liar.

• “but cromwell and others” - Ingoldsby blaming cromwell.

• Hyde = supporter of CS + important in his exile, supported royalist cause despite having bad opinions on Charles.

  PROVIDENCE:

• one of the regicides let off with punishment when others were killed instead shifted blame on cromwell.

• could be exaggerated for self preservation.