HIS 317L Native American Histories Midterm
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kennewick man
Who
The Umatilla tribes of Washington state
Scientists
Politicians
What
A 9200-9500 year old ancient skeleton dubbed the Ancient One found in Kennewick, Washington state
Debate erupts after facial reconstruction over whether the skeleton is native or white
Native americans claim they know this is their ancestor
Umatilla under native american graves protection act (1990) file a claim for the skeleton, ensuring their right of reburial
Scientists and courts don't believe native oral stories and want further testing to prove the ethnicity of the skeleton
DNA evidence proves the Ancient One is native and he is reburied by the Umatilla
When
1994 – skeleton found and debate erupts
2015 – DNA evidence confirms that the Ancient One is Native
2017 – the Ancient One is reburied by the Umatilla
Where
Washington state, but debate happened all throughout the country
Why
Native americans are weary of scientific testing because science has historically been used to justify the colonization, oppression, and genocide of native americans
Race science, skull science
White power groups push for the idea that the Ancient One is white because if white people have been on north america as long as or longer than native americans, then the historical claims to the land that guarantees native americans their reservations can be put into question and they can take their land
navajo emergence story
who: the dine/navajo
what: explains how the navajo believe themselves to have emerged into this world
first world is completely black, where first man and first woman are created
second world: all blue, rife with infighting
third world: mountains, no sun, conflict, flood, yellow
fourth world: white
fifth world: current world, flooding ends
why: explains why navajo have the values they do and their connections to each other and to the cosmos
chaco canyon
Who
Hopi
Pueblo
What
A thriving pre-contact society where clans shared knowledge and wisdom, where people went to learn about the earth's elements, and partake in religious rituals and ceremonies
A hub of trans-american trade
The largest city in US history until philidelphia in 1800
Major droughts starting in mid 12th century and spanning almost until the 14th century were a driving factor in the dissolution of chaco canyon
When
Peaked in 12th century (existed 900-1200)
Where
New mexico/southwestern US
Why
Displayed the thriving complex and wide spanning society that was pre-contact america
cahokia
Who
The great sun who was the ruler of cahokia and served as an intermediary between the creator and the people
What
The city of the sun
A thriving ancient metropolis that was a huge trading hub through the mississippi river and its estuaries (connected 1/3rd of the country)
Moundbuilding culture
fell likely due to overcrowding and an inability to support all its people
When
From 750-1300
Where
Near modern day st. louis
iroquois confederacy
Who
Mohawks, oneidas, onondagas, cayugas, and senecas
Later the tuscarora (sixth nation)
What
Haudenosaunee
A confederacy that formed due to the desire for diplomacy and peace in a time of violence and intertribal fighting
Formed the great law: 117 governing laws of iroquois society
When
1400
Where
Great lakes region and north east
Why
Influenced many founders of america (john adams and ben franklin)
Influenced sufferagettes in their fight for women's rights (stanton and mott)
Displayed the complexity of indigenous society pre-contact and served as a model of diplomacy and inter-tribal unity
Split by the american revolution where some tribes sided with the americans (oneidas, tuscaroras) and others sided with the british
clan mothers
Who
Women of iroquois society
What
Women who had immense political power, such as the ability to decide the fate of captives, make decisions during times of war, and elect and remove council chiefs
Women had economic and political power because they controlled the crops and the harvest (the means by which society was fed)
Women could be shamans and spiritual leaders
When
Where
Why
Display the gender roles of iroquois society and the equal balance of power between the genders independent of european influence
Europeans gender roles infiltrate society through colonization and greatly diminish the power of women (banned from council meetings)
columbian exchange
Who
The old world: africa and europe
The new world: the americas
Columbus
What
The economic, environmental, and cultural reverberations of the exchange between the old and new worlds
Trade of people, goods, food, plants, animals, and diseases between america, europe, and africa that left lasting effects on all 3 continents
The beginning of globalization
The introduction of european diseases to the american continent
When
Late 15th century (1493)
Where
The americas, europe, and africa
why
was the beginning of globalization
opened other european powers to the potential gains of the american continent
pueblo revolt
Who
Pope
The pueblo
The spanish
What
A united pueblo uprising that successfully drove the spanish out of pueblo territory and into el paso for 12 years
A response to the brutality of spanish coquest on the pueblo over 100 years
Pope unites pueblo villages through his diplomatic skills and forms a united front which which to drive the spanish out of new mexico
Violent resistance drives the spanish all the way down to el paso
Pueblo completely cut off the spanish capitol of santa fe
When
1680
Where
New mexico (southwestern united states)
Why
This was the first successful revolution on american soil
A rare example of native americans successfully push back against their colonizers, both physically driving them out of their lands and rejecting their culture and returning to traditionalism
The success of the revolt only lasts a decade, as popes coalition dissolves, the spanish return, and the leaders of the revolt are punished
pope
Who
A tewa leader and medicine man of the pueblo
What
A leader of the pueblo who created a union between pueblo villages in order to push the spanish out of new mexico
He pushed for a return to traditional puebloan culture and a total rejection of spanish life
Organized the pueblo revolt
Went to each village, conviced them of his cause, and gave them a rope with knots, telling them to untie a knot every day and when the last knot is untied, that’s when they’ll strike
When
1680
Where
New mexico and the southwestern us
Why
Pope is historically significant because of his strong leadership and diplomatic skills that allowed him to form this coalition of pueblos and have a united front with which to successfully fight against the spanish
juan of tesque
Who
A young native american from the pueblo of tesque
What
Provided information about the pueblo revolt after spanish priests absolved him and made him swear on an oath to tell the truth
gave the spanish understanding of how the revolt was organized and who led it
when
1680 after pueblo revolt
where
new mexico/southwestern US
why
displays the torture native americans went through at the hands of the spanish and the sacrifices they would make in order to keep themselves and their families safe
two-spirit people
Who
Members of native american communities who don't fit into gender roles of male and female
Navajo
French
Illinois
Spanish
Chumash
What
Navajo have 4 gender roles: women as first gender (due to matrilinial society), men as second gender nadleehi (meaning one that is changing) (born as male but takes up womens role) is third and nadleehi (born as woman but takes up males role in life) is fourth gender
People can become 2 spirit through demonstrated interest (expressing interest in the role of the opposite gender as a child and being raised as that gender) or through a vision quest (when one reaches the age of maturity and sees their role in life)
Two spirit could marry whatever gender they pleased
Europeans could not distinguish gender from sexuality and thought of all two spirits as homosexuals and therefore sinners
Two spirits were respected in society
French thought of them as evil sodomites and refused to trade with societies that had visible two spirit people
Spanish see two spirit biological male fulfilling women's role in society and tried to beat and humiliate them into working as a man
Spanish try to get two spirit to adhere to binary gender roles through violence
When
Where
Why
Displayed how european ideas of gender and sexuality influenced native societies
Displays how contact changes what is and is not culturally accepted in a society (french ideas of sexuality influence the illinois to the point that average age of marriage goes from 30 to late teens)
European actions cause native communities to believe it is not okay for two spirit people to be visible in society because they depended so heavily on european trade
jesuit black robes
Who
Jesuit priests who colonized parts of north america on behalf of the french
hurons
What
Jesuits assimilated to huron culture in order to cultivate trade alliances with them and gain converts
When disease swept the hurons and the jesuit's immunity left them unaffected, the hurons believed that the jesuits must have some divine protection, and many converted
When
mid 17th century (1630s)
Where
Northern US and southern canada
Why
Displays the french style of colonization that relied heavity on the cultivation of strong trade alliances with native american peoples
pequot massacre
Who
The pequot
The dutch
The english
The narragansett
William bradford (govenor of mass. Bay colony)
What
A brutal massacre of the pequot population by the english and their narragansett allies once the dutch left for other trading opportunities (had no intention of making permanent settlements like the english did)
Caused by tensions between the pequot and the puritans of massechussetts bay colony (blaming the pequot for the murder of two mariners and demanding resitituion, english land use practices destroy native food sources, disease ravishes the indigenous population, pequot banned from massechussetts bay colony for allying with the dutch, increased pressures on native resources as more puritans arrive)
Culminates in a final attack on a pequot village in which the british and narraganssett sneak in under cover of night, are surprised by the strong pequot resistance, retreat, set the village ablaze, guard the 2 entrances and kill anyone who tries to escape
Narraganssett see that the british aren't leaving any survivors and try to help the pequot, but then the british start killing the narragansett
Ends in the murder of 400 pequot, 20 narragansett, and the selling of surviving pequot into slavery in the west indies
When
1637
Where
American northeast (massechussetts bay colony area)
Why
Revealed to indigenous populations the brutality of the english and what their true goals were (total eradication of indigenous populations in order to take their land)
Revealed how the english had no respect for their alliances with indigenous groups, as they turned back on their promises to the narragansett to not slaughter women and children
Introduced the european's brutal (genocidal) warfare to the americas
Major turning point in native and colonial relations
beaver wars
Who
Iroquois
Hurons
Europeans (british and french)
What
As the fur trade grew exponentially, so did european demand for beaver pelts
In response to this surge in demand, native american tribes continued to expand their hunting territory in order to kill more beaver, eventually running into territorial claims of other tribes
Beaver was becoming more scarce as tribes continued to deplete the resource
Competition for this resource became so volatile that the iroquois attacked the great lakes tribes (huron) over territorial claims
Fighting lasted 60 years and culminated in the treaty of grand paix, which solidified the alliance between the british and the iroquois
When
1640
Where
Great lakes region
Why
Displayed how european contact increased intertribal tensions and violence
European weaponry made war more deadly
covenant chain
Who
Iroquois
English
What
A series of treaties and agreements that linked the iroquois to their allies before the 7 years war
when (1689-97)
where: new york
why: britain went back on these treaties after the 7 years war
king philips war
Who
King philip (metacom)
Wampanoag
British
Narragansett
What
Causes for the war: constant english encroachment on wampanoag land, english overextending their authority and sovreignty over wampanoag people by sentencing them for crimes, the death of Massasoit (the great peacemaker) and his son due to english maltreatment
Puritans continuously encroach on wampanoag land without regard for the indigenous communities on those lands (believe them to be savages)
Relations between wampanoag and english deteriorate after the death of wampanoag leader Massasoit, and the interrogation and death of his son Wamsutta, leaving Metacom in charge
Rumors of war start and both sides prepare for war
The english attack the narragansett for providing shelter for wampanoag women and children
Metacom leads several tribes (wampanoag, narragansett, mahicans, abenakis) in attcks against english towns and militias
Ended in a devestating wampanoag defeat and the beheading of metacom in 1676
Believed that the effects of this war killed off half of the native american population of new england
When
1675-76
Where
New england
Why
Marked one of the first and bloodiest native resistances to english encroachment
metacom/king philip
A wampanoag leader who formed a multitribal coalition and led the wampanoag effort in king philips war
Metacom leads several tribes (wampanoag, narragansett, mahicans, abenakis) in attcks against english towns and militias
Ended in a devestating wampanoag defeat and the beheading of metacom in 1676
french and indian war
Who
French
British
Tanaghrisson (seneca chief)
George washnington
What
The french build forts along the ohio river valley, and continued to do so after tenaghrisson and george washington told them to stop
Was incited by the murder of a french officer by a group that included a seneca chief and a young george washington
French and english declare war on each other over control of american colonies
Many native american tribes allied with the french as their last hope of defending their lands (chose france over britain because the french actually cultivated alliances, kinship, and gift exchange while the english had no respect for indigenous alliances or culture)
Native americans fought to keep their country free of foreign domination
When
1756
chief cornstalk
Who
A shawnee chief
What
Led the shawnee effort in lord dunmores war, but turned to neutrality and favored peacemaking with the americans on the eve of the revolution
Murdered under a truce flag at fort randolph by american militia in 1777
his murder led to the shawnee joining the war on the side of the british
joseph brant
Who
Mohawk war chief
Brother of molly brant
What
Led the mohawks in the american revolution on the side of the british
After the war, led mohawks to settle on the grand river in ontario canada
Translated the christian gospel into mohawk
Enraged by the peace terms of the peace of paris not even mentioning britains indigenous allies
When
American revolution
where
north eastern US
molly brant
Who
Mohawk woman who was married to english sir william johnson, who banned woman from sitting in on council meetings
Sister of joseph brant
What
Had strong influence on tribal affairs, despite european efforts to diminish the role of women in indigenous societies, even after the death of her husband
Revered voice in iroquois-british diplomacy
When
Late 18th century
Where
North eastern US
Why
Displayed the role of women in iroquois society and how women's power, while diminished, endured the european attempts to smother it out
pontiac
Who
An ottowa native american who served as a leader during pontiacs rebellion
What
After the french and indian war, the french abruptly leave the great lakes region and the english move into french occupied lands (who are occupied by native americans)
the french paid native americans rent in terms of gift exchange for staying on their lands
When the british come in and replace the french, they stop doing that (wanted native americans to adapt to market forces and trade for these goods (keep them too busy to resist encroachment))
Briatin wanted to reduce natives to submission and take over their land
Created pontiac's confederacy: an intertribal coalition with the goal of exterminating the english from native land, drive them back to england, and make it so they cannot return
Attacked and successfully captured 9 out of the 11 british forts in the great lakes region (only had fort pitt and fort detroit left)
English general amherst puts a bounty on pontiac's head and gives smallpox blankets to native americans at fort pitt
Absolutley decimated native population
French forces assured they would return to join their fight against the british, but had already signed the treaty of paris ending their involvement in america
When news eventually came of french surrender, pontiac called off the siege of fort detroit
When
1763
Where
The great lakes region
Why
Pontiac's rebellion showed the strength of native resitance against the english in how it was nearly successful, yet also displayed the genocidal nature of the english in their use of germ warfare through smallpox blankets in order to "eradicate inferior populations"
neolin
Who
A delaware prophet
What
Preached that indigenous people could only redeem themselves by completely rejecting english influences and returning to traditional ways
Helped fuel pontiac's war against the english (think tecumseh and tenskwatawa)
When
1760s
Where
Northeastern us
Why
Demonstrates how in times of crisis, native american people often turned to religion and traditionalism to restore peace in a chaotic world
treaty of paris
Who
French
English
Native americans
What
The treaty that ended the 7 years war between england and france
Signed in paris
France gave england all of their american territories without consulting native americans, even though there were native american lands within them
Many native tribes disregarded the treaty, citing that although the english may have defeated the frech, they were not defeated people (pontiac)
when
1763
alexander mcgillivray
Who
Creek leader of a confederacy of tribes
What
Protected creek nation by refusing any US land claims based on the peace of paris because native americans were completely ignored in that treaty
Led a delegation of creek leaders to get their nation's borders federally recognized in a 1790 treaty with congress, but Georgia continued to encroach on creek land
Death in 1793 sparked upper creek lower creek divisions in regards to american expansionism, leading to the creek war (1813-14)
When
Late 18th century
Where
Southeastern us
treaty at fort finney
Who
The united states
The shawnee
What
American generals "negotiated" by threatening the shawnee with destruction if they did not give up their land
The shawnee approached the treaty in ceremonial fashion, whereas the american generals approached the treaty from a position of strength, determined to subjugate the shawnee into submission
Americans threw the shawnees' wampum belts on the ground and threatened them with destruction if they didn’t agree to their terms
chief moluntha urges shawnee to accept the terms to protect themselves
kentucky militia raided shawnee territory as moluntha hold a copy of the treaty and an american flag to display that this is shawnee land
kentucky militia murder moluntha and destroy the shawnee town
When
1786
Where
Ohio river valley
why
displays the “diplomacy” americans brought to native american treaties and how these treaties were not consentual by both parties
even though the US acquired these lands “legally” they used violence in order to get what they wanted and showed no respect for native american people or these treaties when trying to sate their endless hunger for land
treaty of greenville
Who
Northwest confederacy of indian nations (delaware and shawnee)
United states
What
Northwestern indian confederacy refuses to accept any american land claims over the ohio river valley, congress raises an army with which to subjugate indigenous peoples led by general wayne, army drives native tribes out of ohio river valley in the battle of fallen timbers which tanks morale
A treaty that promised a permanent boundary between native american land and american territory in exchange for the ceding of 2/3rds
Ceded huge amounts of native american territory in ohio and indiana to the US
Gives away huge amounts of shawnee land to american settlers
When
1795
Where
fort greenville, ohio
Why
Sparked tecumseh's confederacy and push for pan-indigenous unity
northwest ordinance
Who
The united states government
What
A US policy claiming that native american lands shall never be taken from indigenous peoples unless in just and lawful wars
Laid out boundaries which carved up indigenous land in the great lakes area to become states
When
1787
Where
Why
Laid the blueprint for american expansion and american relations with indigenous tribes
Gave congress the authority to deem what a "just and lawful war" would be (thus giving the US the power to choose when they would legally be able to take native lands)
mary jemison
Who
An english girl taken captive by the seneca during the 7 years war
What
A young woman who was adopted into the seneca tribe and adopted into their culture
She lived out the rest of her life as a seneca woman and enjoyed her time with the indigenous people
Was integrated into seneca society and culture
When
1758
Where
Northeast US
Why
Modeled what the culture of hostage taking among indigenous tribes was, and how indigenous warfare differed from european warfare
gave insight into seneca life and culture
chief tammeny
Who
A native american who becomes a mystified symbol for american independence during the american revolution
What
A native american who supposedly set his house ablaze while inside it instead of giving up his land saying "this is my right, I will defend it"
The sons of tammeny who become the sons of liberty
The patron saint of america (as proclaimed by the colonists)
When
The leadup to the american revolution (late 1700s)
Where
The american colonies
Why
Displays how americans mystified native american people and used them to symbolize america's independence from and difference to britain, all the while continuing to subjugate them
tecumseh
Who
A shawnee political leader
What
Created a pan-indian coalition (tecumseh's confederacy) to fight against american encroachment on native lands
Refused to sign the treaty of greenville which signed away shawnee land
Believed that no one tribe had the authority to sell native lands because those lands belong to the collective indigenous peoples of america
died in the battle of the themes
When
Early 1800s
Where
Great lakes region
diego de vargas
Who
A spanish conquistador
What
Lead the reconquering of new spain after the pueblo revolt
Crushed pueblo attempts to resist reconquer, but the spanish did become more lenient with how they governed new spain after returning from the pueblo revolt (more accommodating of pueblo culture and religion)
tenskwatawa
Who
A religious leader of the shawnee, brother of tecumseh
What
A man who lived a life of vice and alcohol who on his deathbed received a vision from the master of life telling him a new way to lead the shawnee
Advocated for a complete rejection of american society (no more alcohol, american clothes, intermarriage, american debts, private property, christianity, trade)
He spread his religion to many tribes throughout the nation
Mass migration to prophetstown
Predicts a total solar eclipse at WHHs test
When
Early 1800s
Where
Great lakes region
Why
Connects to pontiac and neolin; demostrates how in times of crises there tend to be calls to return to traditionalism and reject the oppressing power
Driving force and leader in the final united native american resistance against europeans/americans
black hoof
Who
Principal chief of the shawnee
What
Attempted to resolve tensions between the shawnee and the US peacefully
Believed trade negotiations with white settlers will be the ruin of shawnee society (believed them to be spawn of the great white serpent – root of all evil)
An accommodationist (willing to trade the americans land in hopes of getting them to stop)
When
Early 19th century (post american revolution)
Where
Ohio river valley
sacagawea
Who
A young girl who was kidnapped, and sold to the french charbonneau and accompanied lewis and clark on their expedition
What
She served as a translator and a guide on the expedition
Likely forced to aid them as a result of her husbands abuse
Became a symbol for the womens suffrage movement in order to give women a strong heroine to see as a role model
Painted as a strong women with agency who had a say in her life and a welcomer of manifest destiny
Imperative to the expedition, but doesn't mean she supported it
When
1804
lewis and clark
Who
Merriweather lewis and william clark
What
An expedition from st louis missouri to the west coast and back in order to survey the land for american expansion
Failed to find the northwestern passage (a sought after water way connecting american land directly to the pacific ocean) but did survey the land, bringing back information on landforms, climates, biomes, and the indigenous people residing on those lands
Tasked with proclaiming american sovreignty over lands acquired In the louisiana purchase, preparing the indigenous tribes of the land for american trade, and gathering information on the tribes to see their succeptability to displacement
indian trade and intercourse act
Who
The united states government
What
The attempt by the US government to centralize trade between native and non-native people
First law to try and regulate trade between native and non-native people
Made it so only licensed traders could conduct trade between the two parties
Made it so only congress could negotiate treaties with indian tribes, not states
When
1790
Where
The united states
Why
Encroached on and limited native authority to conduct their own trade
the US government only traded the native americans things that would “facilitate civilization” (mainly agricultural products) and refused to trade them guns and other weapons
george morgan
Who
An american agent at fort pitt
What
Competed with the british commander Hamilton for the alliegence of indigenous tribes during the american revolution
When
American revolution
Where
Ohio river valley
black hawk
Who
A sauk chief
What
Led the sauk on a return from iowa to illinois to plant corn in their home territory, when american settlers claimed they were being invaded and called on federal troops, state militia, and enemy tribes of the sauk to "defend" them from their "invaders"
Ended in the brutal slaughter of the sauk tribe when trying to escape across the mississippi river
When
1832
Where
Illinois
jane mccrea
Who
A european woman who was allegedly murdered in 1777 by indigenous allies to britain (almost definitely murdered by christian missionaries, not native allies)
What
The painting The Death of Jane McCrea was a piece of propaganda spread by americans in order to garner support for indian removal and land ownership policies after the american revolution
Depicts popular stereotypes of the victimization of innocent americans at the hands of cruel indigenous warriors "merciless indian savages"
samson occom
Who
A mohegan preacher (reverend)
What
Believed to have written the first native american autobiography
Used his writing and literacy as a means of resistance against colonial oppression
Preached christianity to native americans and sent to london to raise money to found dartmouth college
First native american minister to visit england
Delivered over 300 sermons and raised 12,000 pounds for dartmouth
When
1760s
saukamappee
Who
Cree man living among the blackfeet
What
Depicted how plains indians adopted horses and metallurgy and built a monopoly on the gun trade, and were then destroyed by smallpox from the shoshonis (snake indians)
When
1787-88
dragging canoe
Who
Cherokee war chief
What
Led cherokees to migrate away from american frontiersmen rather than make peace
Refused to partake in treaties elders had with americans
At times struck the villages of cherokees who did choose to make peace with americans
When
The american revolution, which gave opportunistic cherokees the chance to push encroaching americans off of their lands by siding with the british
Where
Cherokee nation (southeastern US)
andrew jackson
Who
Us war general and president
What
Led devastating campaigns against the upper creeks in the creek war
Ceded 2/3rds of mainly lower creek (his allies) land to the US at the treaty of fort jackson
Defeated the british in battle of new orleans at the end of war of 1812
Greatly pushed for indigenous removal to the west by claiming that they did not put their land to good use, and that the US would make much better use of it by transforming their forests into cities "a few thousand indians cannot stand in the way of human progress"
Ignored supreme court rulings giving georgia no jurisdiction over cherokee lands (worchester v georgia) and pushed for their removal
When
1820s-30s
thomas jefferson
What
Origin of much of US indian removal policy
Bought the lousiana territory from france in order to fulfil dream of every white american man being able to own land
His issue was that there were native people already occupying those lands
Believes that natives have the potential to be equal to whites but will die off if they continue being uncivilized (social evolution theory)
Pushed for native "civilization" by pushing agriculturalism and taking the land they "won't be needing" for americans
Wants to run native people into debt through alcohol so they have no choice but to pay in land
Gives cherokee the ultimatum of civilize or be moved
When
Early 19th century
Where
The US
burgoyne
Who
general john burgoyne
British general that invaded new england during the american revolution
What
Surrendered at saratoga in 1777 due to rallying resistance after news of the murder of jane mccrea
gnadenhutten
Who
The delaware
White eyes
Pennsylvania militia men
What
After the delaware leader White Eyes was murdered when vying for peace with americans in pennsylvania, the delaware fight back
Pennsylvania militia men arrive in gnadenhutten, ohio and slaughtered delaware men, women, and children
When
1782
Where
Gnadenhutten, ohio
cortes and coronado
Who
Hernan Cortes
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Spain
The pueblo
The aztec
Conquistadors: secular spanish military men
What
The first wave of spanish colonization of the americas
The conquest of the aztec empire by cortes in 1521 by allying with groups who wanted to take down the aztec empire, receiving spanish aid from cuba, and spreading disease among the aztec
Cortes treks up el camino real in seach for another great empire to conquer and finds none
In response to franscisan friar marcos' claims of the 7 cities of gold (puebloan villages) coronado sets off to find them
Instead of finding the 7 cities, coronado and his men find the pueblo in the middle of a ceremonial dance
Tries to convince them that he and his men were sent down as gifts from god
Fails to convince them, ends up attcking the pueblo and militarily defeating them
Coronado leaves in 1540 and the spanish don't return for 40 years
When
1519 cortes lands in Mexico
1520s to 1540
Where
Mexico city
Southwestern US
Why
Cortes and coronado are historically significant for understanding the spanish reasons for conquest. Although the spanish later were driven by religion, this first wave of colonization was really driven by the quest for gold and wealth
This expedition was seen as a failure because they had no fantastic riches to bring home
wampum belts
Who
Northeastern indigenous tribes
What
instrumental pieces of forest diplomacy of 18th century northeastern US
Pieces of polished shell or beads roped together into strands to convey messages, initiate proceedings, record agreements, and guarantee promises
When
1700s
Where
Northeastern US
female combattants
Who
Depictions of america and britain
What
A political cartoon depicting a rebellious american daughter donning stereotypical native american dress physically fighting her extravagantly dressed british mother
the american side depicts a fight for liberty alongside french allies
The english side depicts the fight to keep the colonies obedient, and alludes to lord north, the prime minister of britain at the time
america is portrayed as a native american, which can imply messages of being lesser than, alien, uncivilized
colonists use this portrayal to imply that they are abused and defiant against the british government
use of the word slut implies that america is breaking the bonds of fidelity it has with britain by vying for independence and allying with france
When
1776
playing indian
Who
American settlers
Chief tammeny
What
Americans who adopt native american costumes and identity in order to distinguish themselves from england
Colonists protesting the mast tree law dress up as indians and beat up the enforcers of the law (first case of americans playing indian in order to let their dissatisfaction with the crown show)
Stems from the misrule tradition in europe where people would don costumes when protesting the government in order to not be recognized
Americans adopted indian dress as a rejection of english social power of attire
Americans "fight like indians:" a tactic of hit and run fighting adopted by native americans when fighting in formation against the english proved fruitless against metal weapons/guns
Americans adopt this tactic against the british (who fought in formation)
Caused native americans to think of themselves as more alike to native americans and dislike the british
American settlers believed native americans to be inherently warlike because the only context of interactionthey had with them was war (because native americans were fighting to protect their land and right to life)
When
The lead up to and during the american revolution
Where
Why
This is historically significant because it displays how native american-ness becomes a metaphor for american-ness during the american revolution
Displays the hypocracy of american settlers as they take on the identity of mystified native americans as an expression of american independence from britain, while continuing to discount, oppress, and try to eradicate the actial native populations of america
Dsiplays how americans see themselves as the rightful inhabitants of the land, not england
Note 
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