CJC 3010- Exam 3 Blomberg, Pesta

What was the nature of society during the age of discontent?

The hippie generation, Civil rights, Vietnam war protests, and assassinations

What was the ideology of society prior to the 60's?

Disinterested professionalism

What was the goal conflict of the police in the 1960's?

Maintaining order vs. Individual Rights

How did the Civil Rights movement effect the prisoner rights movement?

Civil rights leaders were jailed and brought their ideals in with them

Folsom Strike

Peaceful strike in which nearly all inmates refused to work for 19 days. Created a 31 point manifesto

What idea of Sykes did the Folsom Strike demonstrate?

If prisoners work collectively, they can reduce the pains of punishment

Attica Prison Riot of 1971

Took guards as captives and held prison for four days. It is the bloodiest prison riot in American history where 43 died from the governments attempt to retake the prison.

What reform occurred after the Attica Prison Riot?

Education programs were introduced

New Mexico Riots

Prisoners turned on each other

Nihilism

Idea that arose in the 60's in which there was a rejection of moral authority and extreme skepticism of the government

What did activists believe was the job of the Courts?

To represent minorities because voting only shows the opinion of the majority

The Warren Court

When the supreme court became involved in social and governmental reform

What specific types of reform were often seen in the Warren court?

Educational and Penal Reforms

What is an example of a prominent Warren court case?

Brown v. Board of Education

What were prisoners seeking during their movement?

Freedom to religion, communication rights, access to legal resources, conditions of confinement, use of force, due process, capital punishment, and equal protection and treatment

What amendments were prisoners advocating for?

The 8th and 14th amendment

What religion did Freedom to religion mainly apply to?

The Islamic community

What theory did Tannebaum develop?

Dramatization of Evil

dramatization of evil

As negative feedback amplifies the force of the original label, stigmatized offenders may begin to reevaluate their own identities. The person becomes the thing he is described as being.

What theory did Edward Lemert develop?

Primary and Secondary deviance

What did Lemert believe about primary deviance?

It is impossible to develop a theory because there is no real data of the true rates

Secondary deviance

Subject has accepted/ internalized deviant self identity

When did Labeling theory catch on?

Late 60s and 70s

What is the first fundamental idea of labeling theory?

Agencies of social control type and categorize people according to criteria like race, class, and demeanor and focus attention on them

What is the second fundamental idea of labeling theory?

Agents can unintentionally create/ intensify secondary deviance

What idea of the public was communicated by labeling theory?

No one is completely immune to how society impact their self view

Who's primary focus was on crime control?

President Lyndon B. Johnson

Safe Street Act and Omnibus Crime Bill

Created $33 million with the idea that a federal agency would be created to facilitate recommendations from President Johnson's book

What book did Lyndon B. Johnson write?

Challenges of Crime in a free society

What did Challenges of Crime in a Free Society focus on?

The Criminal Justice System

What was the underlying theme of Challenges of Crime in a Free Society?

Not only had the Criminal Justice system failed its goals but it did more harm then good by creating secondary deviance

How does situations of community outreach occur?

Self referrals or referrals by the police

What was the purpose of youth houses?

Alternative to formal detention until family matters cooled down or reconciliation within courts

What was the purpose of the Drug Abuse Unit?

Educated parents because of belief of acceleration, helped empower parents, and serve as referral services

What was the purpose of family intervention?

Notion of conjoint family therapy. If fundamental roles break down then problems will occur.

What federal agency was created in response to the Safe Street Act and Omnibus Crime Bill?

LEAA

What became a key thought of LEAA?

To prevent crime, keep individuals out of a bad system by diverting them

What was the thinking of LEAA in regards to how to handle juveniles?

Only juvenile cases of manifest evil were to go through courts. Other cases would be redirected elsewhere.

What were examples of diversions for juveniles?

Community outreach, youth house, drug abuse unit and family intervention

What were the three "D's" that surrounded the thinking of the 60s and 70s ?

Diversion, Decarceration, and Decriminalization

What was the reality of Diversion, but not the intent?

Net widening

How did net widening effect youth?

It led to delinquency of youth that were not delinquents prior to interacting with the system, and would have otherwise be left alone.

Fundamental barriers to implementation

Professional resistance, ideological conflict, political restraints, and bureaucratic obstacles.

What were the conflicting goals of juvenile courts

treat vs. punish

What was the nature of society within the 80's?

High unemployment and inflation

What did Reagan call for to combat crime?

Sexual restraint and drug abstinence

What was Reagan's main proposal for crime control?

Zero Tolerance

How did Reagan believe to best prevent crime?

With enough punishment and regulation, crime will be declined.

What sentencing became even more prevalent in the 80's?

Indeterminate sentencing

What are some examples of changes in indeterminate sentencing in the 80s?

Introducing classifications into probation and the prevalence of home confinement exploded

How did the focus of criminological theories shift in the 70s?

From the offender to the Criminal Justice System

What was the main thinking towards criminological theories in the 80s?

Nothing works, punishment becomes focus of system, zero tolerance, mass incarceration

What ideal began to arise in the 2000s

Making a difference movement

What was the idea of the making the difference movement?

If our research is worth what we hope it is, it should alleviate sufferings of crime. Communicate facts of research to policies and practices of legislation

What are challenges of making a difference

Role of politics and fiscal costs

When did mass incarceration take off?

1980s

What issues to female prison facilities face?

Most often have severe needs (ex. pregnancy), often short changed for funds, visitation is often harder, and harder for legal access

What is the main challenge of incarcerating the elderly?

Medical expenses and accomodations

transinstitutionalization

Decreasing the access to one institution (ex. psychiatric) leads to the increase in individuals in the other (ex. prisons)

What percentage of inmates have been diagnosed with a mental illness?

60%

Broken Windows Theory

Policing small crimes to prevent increase in crime

What is the main issue of the Broken Windows Theory?

It sweeps us the mentally ill into prisons

What infectious diseases do prisons often face?

HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and Covid

Why do infectious diseases spread so easily in prisons?

Close quarters, tattooing, unprotected sex and drug use

What was the nature of society in postmodern society?

Eclecticism, relativism, deconstructionism, and criticism to value laden goals and systems.

Relativism

Truth is relative depending in perspective

Deconstructionism

Critique values within systems, which were of the white middle class and critiqued the world that came before

Define integrated theories of crime

Combined two or more prior theories of crime

Biosocial theory

Presence of warrior gene, and actually being violent depends on environment that individual grows up in

Warrior gene

Gene that makes individuals more likely to commit violent behavior

Life Course theory

A developmental theory that looks at events throughout an individuals life course and finds correlations with delinquency

Examples of background in life course theory

Household crowding and family distribution and size

Example of intervening/ mediating factors in life course theory

Mother or fathers are erratic, harsh, or threatening discipline. Lack of supervision

What is the source of social control for children, according to the life course theory?

School and peers

Social institutions and bonds in adulthood

Jo stability, military, and marriage

What is it called when an individual develops a social bond in life course theory?

Turning point

What were the responses to new theories in the postmodern era?

Supermax prisons, restrictive housing, sex offender laws, death penalty, and privatization.

What were the arguments for restrictive housing?

Increased prison security, decreased violence, and reduction of gang influence

What were the arguments against restrictive housing?

Inhumane and physiological effect

What period did Supermax prisons resemble?

Jacksonian

How was the death penalty effected in the postmodern society?

Declining rates of sentences and executions

Benefits of the privatization of prisons

Cost savings, better facilities, and individualized treatment

Downsides of the privatization of prisons

Goal conflict with saving money but individualized treatment is expensive

What was key for the making a difference movement?

Researcher and policymaker. practitioner partnerships

What was the conflict between tribes called?

War

What was the conflict within tribes (clan v. clan) called?

Blood feud

What did tribes create to lessen the impact of blood feuds?

Third Party mediation

Colonial America- Nature of Society

Close Knit communities and those that did not conform threatened the entire community

Colonial America- Ideology

God preordains everything

Colonial America- Forms of Punishment

Banishment, shaming, corporal punishment, whipping

Colonial America- grim determinism

Punishments are consistent with what the Bible says, and you can't change gods plan

What guided ideology in the Period of Transition?

The new god: science and reason

What principle arised during the period of transition?

Hedonistic Principle and deterrence

hedonistic principle

the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Jacksonian Period- Nature of Society

Cities were new and different then colonial period

Urban disenchantment

Dislike for new cities and a want for the closeness of colonial America

Jacksonian Period- Ideology

Bad social environments make bad people, but good environment can change these people for the better.

What notion drove corrections in the Jacksonian period?

People changing through regimen, compliance and discipline

What is important to note about the methods created in the Jacksonian period?

While the popularity changed, the ideology would never leave corrections

Why did corrections shift towards youth reformatories?

Recidivism was high for adults, so they hoped to focus attention on younger generations