WEEK 4 AND 5: Intellectual Revolution Copernicus

Intellectual Revolution

The term "_" often refers to periods of significant transformation in thought that have profound impacts on society.

These revolutions typically involve shifts in understanding that challenge established norms and lead to new ways of thinking about the world.

Nature

Intellectual Revolution is used to refer to Greek speculation about “_” known as “Pre-Socratic or “non-theological or “first philosophy” in the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE)

3 Characteristics of Pre-Socratic:

• The world is a natural whole.

• There is natural ‘order’

• Humans can discover those laws.

Paradigm Shift

a fundamental change in the way that people view the world around them.

Paradigm Shift

a shift from one way of thinking to another that is so significant that it fundamentally changes the way people think.

Broader implications

Paradigm Shift: Impact

_ for the way that people viewed the world around them, as it challenged many of the assumptions of classical physics and opened up new avenues for scientific research

Laws of Physics

Paradigm Shift: Impact

New way how people understood the behavior of objects in motion, as it showed that space and time were not absolute, and that the _ applied uniformly across the universe.

History of Science

Paradigm Shift: Impact

Understanding paradigm shifts is important for understanding the _ and the development of new ideas and theories.

Aristotle; Ptolemaic

For nearly 2000 years, civilization and astronomy were dominated by _ and _model of the universe.

Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE)

one of the first philosophers to propose the geocentric model of the universe

Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE)

believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe because it was the heaviest object and therefore naturally tended towards the center.

Series of Concentric Spheres

Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE): believed that the heavens were made up of a _, with the stars on the outermost sphere and the planets and the Sun on inner spheres.

Claudius Ptolemy

Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer who lived in the second century AD

Almagest

Claudius Ptolemy is best known for his work "_," a comprehensive treatise on astronomy.

Aristotle

Claudius Ptolemy lived several hundred years after _, refined the geocentric model

Claudius Ptolemy

he developed a mathematical framework for explaining the motions of the celestial bodies

Complex System of Epicycles

Claudius Ptolemy proposed a _, which were small circles that the planets and the Sun moved on as they orbited the Earth.

Claudius Ptolemy's System

_ was able to predict the positions of the planets and other celestial bodies with a high degree of accuracy

Geocentric Theory (Ptolemaic Model)

According to this, the sun, the moon, and the planets all revolved around the Earth, which was considered to be the fixed point in the universe.

Renaissance

Geocentric Theory (Ptolemaic Model): widely accepted for many centuries and was the prevailing view of the universe and was not seriously challenged until the 16th century during the _

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Polish astronomer who revolutionized the field of astronomy

Heliocentric Model of (Aristarchus).

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) rediscovered the _

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

he was born in Torun, Poland in 1473 and was the youngest of four children.

Bishop

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): his father died when he was ten, and he was raised by his uncle, who was a _.

Law; Medicine

After completing his studies in Krakow, Nicolaus Copernicus went to Italy to study _

Astronomy

While in Italy, Nicolaus Copernicus became interested in _ and began studying the works of ancient astronomers, such as Ptolemy and Aristotle

Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus is most famous for his _, which proposed that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe.

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)

Nicolaus Copernicus began developing this theory in the early 16th century and published it in his book "_"

Space

In De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), he proposed that the Earth and other planets revolved around the sun, and that the stars were fixed in _.

Earth was the center of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus's Heliocentric Theory was controversial at the time because it challenged the prevailing belief that the _. However, the theory gained some support from other astronomers, and its acceptance gradually grew over the following centuries.

Advance scientific thinking

Nicolaus Copernicus's work laid the foundation for modern astronomy and helped to _

Galileo Galilei; Johannes Kepler

Nicolaus Copernicus’s ideas were later expanded upon by other astronomers, such as _

Astronomy

Nicolaus Copernicus's contributions to _ have had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe

Theory of Uniform Circular Motion

Nicolaus Copernicus still believed in the _, like Aristotle, even though he recognized it did not precisely describe planetary motion.

Universe

• Nevertheless, Nicolaus Copernicus’s hypothesis that the “_” (known at the time) was heliocentric was correct.

• Even though it was different from what we now know to be correct.

7 Axioms (points) of the Copernican System

• The celestial spheres do not have one common center.

• Earth is not the center of the universe, only the center of gravity and the lunar orbit.

• All the spheres orbit the Sun

• Compared to the distance to the stars, the Earth-to-Sun distance is almost nonexistent.

• The motion of the stars is due to the Earth rotating on its axis

• The motion of the Sun is the result of the Earth’s motions. (rotation and revolution)

• The retrograde and forward motions of planets is caused by the Earth’s motion

The celestial spheres do not have one common center

The Earth is not at the center of everything

Earth is not the center of the universe, only the center of gravity and the lunar orbit

only the moon orbits Earth

All the spheres orbit the Sun

Spheres means the planets

Compared to the distance to the stars, the Earth to Sun distance is almost nonexistent

The stars are very much farther away than the Sun

The retrograde and forward motions of planets is caused by the Earth’s motion

It is caused by the fact that Earth’s orbit is at a different length than the other planets

Copernican Model

The _ was not well accepted by scholars or the public. It violated the religious teachings of the time.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

he stated: to know that we know what we know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, that is true knowledge.