PSY320 - Exam 2

three principles of the motivated and emotional brain

• environmental events activate biochemical agents

• biochemical agents stimulate brain structure

• special brain structures generate specific motivational and emotional states

what is the activation of the motivated brain

environmental event —> biochemical agent —> brain structure —> aroused motivation

what hormone is released in the motivated brain

Ghlerlin

what brain structure does the release of gherlin stimulate

the hypothalamus

what is the fMRI?

functional magnetic resonance imagery and record changes in the blood

what are neurotransmitters?

nervous system messenger that are mostly generated in the brain

what are the four pathways?

dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and endorphin

what is the use of dopamine?

reward = good feeling

what is the use of serotonin?

affects mood and emotion that develops in the gut and the brain

what is the use of norepinephrine?

affects alertness and arousal

what is the use of endorphins?

inhibits pain, and is tied to anxiety and fear

what triggers the dopamine pathway

rewarding or pleasurable events

what does the dopamine pathway enhance

creativity and problem solving

where are hormones generated and released from?

generated in the glands/organs, released into the blood

what is cortisol?

known as the stress hormone, activates and directs mental and physical activites

what is testerone?

associated with sexual motivation and aggression, high levels suppresses oxytocin

what is oxytocin?

known as the bonding hormone, motivates empathy, nurturing and social support seeking behaviors

what are the two portions of the brain?

subcortical and cortical

reticular formation

it is associated with arousal, alertness, and wakefulness

amygdala

detects, learns about, and respond to the stimulus properties of environmental objects

basal ganglia

motivational modulation of movement and actions

nucleas accumbens

brain’s reward center, produces plesure, wanting, liking and approach

ventral tegemtnal area

starting point for the brains reward center, releases and manufactures dopamine

hypothalamus

responsiveness to natural rewards in the regulation of eating, drinking and sex

insular cortex

produces gut feelings, feelings associated with empathy, intrinsic motivation, risk, uncertainity, pain, and personal agency

prefrontal cortex

making plasm, seeing goals, and formulating intentions

right prefrontal cortex

avoidance

left prefrontal cortex

postive and proactive

oribitiofrontal cortex

stores reward related values about the environment, formulates preferences and make choices

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

emotional control

dorsolateral cortex

control over urges and risks to pursue long term goal

anterior congulate cortex

motivational conflicts

what is the motivation cycle

• statied state

• physiological deprivation

• produces bodily physiological deprivation

• intensify psychological drive

• goal directed behavior

• behavior occurs

• drive is reduced

homeostatis

base level of where things should be

negative feedback

physiological STOP switch which has mutiple inputs and outputs

example of negative feedback

what am I thirsty and how does one satisfy the need?

what are intra-systems related to the motivation cycle

biological systems (brain structures)

what are extra-systems related to the motivation cycle?

cognitive, environment, and social influences

when do we experience thrist?

when water volume is decreased by 2%

what are ways we can lose water?

sweating, peeing, crying

When does dehydration begin?

at 3% water loss

what is osmometric thrist?

loss of intracellular water (dehydrated cells)

what is volumetric thrist?

loss of extracellular water (blood, saliva)

what are the intra organisimic effects of thirst?

dehydration and hypotremia

what is hypotremia?

drinking too much water and having low sodium and electrolytes

what role does the hypothalamus play in the thrist

measures cell shrinkage and releases vasopressin that go into the liver and kidney to reduce water expulsion; sends thrist message to the forefront cortex

what is the role of the liver in thirst?

conservate water by producing concentrated urine; the darker the urine, the more dehydrated you are

what is the role of the kidney in thirst?

release water to the body during dehydration

what are the extra organismic effects of thirst?

taste, water availability, drinking schedules, addition to chemical, and cultural perception

what is the taste that humans perfer?

swwet

what is true about water availability and drinking water

water plentiful environment lead to less drinking

what is true about drinking schedules and drinking water

we tend to get thrist at the same times each day

what are examples of chemical in drinking liquids

caffeine and alcohol

another name for short term appetite

glucostaitc hypothesis

what is the glucose moniter

liver

what triggers the LH

low glucose levels

what hormones are released by the LH?

Gherlin and orexins

what is the use of Gherlin?

Stimulate hunger

what triggers the VMH?

the liver, stomach and intestines

what is the use of the VMH?

produces satitiaton

what are the hormones released by the VMH?

leptin and CCK

what are other cues of hunger?

mouth, stomach distensions, and body temp

when should you stop eating?

when you are 80% full

what is another term for long term appetite?

lipostatic hypothesis

when fat masses drops, fat cells secrete?

gherlin

what is set point theory?

genetically determinned fat thermostats

what do hunger and satiitation depend on?

the size of fat cells at any given time

what does a diet do to fat cells?

shrink them

What changes fat cells?

aging, dieting, and gorging

what are some outside influences for hunger?

time of day, stress, anxiety, depression, variety, social facilitaiton, food portion, food size

children who diet at a young age are more likely to become ______

overweight

how does your body fight back against dieting?

having a range of 10-15 lbs and lowers metabolism

what happens to you deprive your body of energy?

makes self control harder

what do men prefer in women ?

slim but with a pear/hourglass

what do women prefer in men?

moderately muscular —upside down triangle

what are the mating styles and preferences in men?

quanity over quality, looks and youth

what are the mating styles and preferences in womens?

quality over quanity, status and power

what is the body response to sex in men?

sexual desire

what are the hormones involved in sex?

androgens and estrogen

what is the body response to sex in women

emotional intimacy

what are the universally attractive traits to individuals?

clear skin, nice hair, youth, symmetry, and smiles

what do men see the most in women?

neonatal

what do women see most in men?

sexual maturity

what do men and women both see the most ?

expressive features

what kind of benefits does attractiveness come with?

more likely to be seen as smarter, in a better mood, less socially anxious, more popular

what kind of downsides of attractiveness?

unwanted sexual attention, shallow, and lots of self doubt

what are the four degrees of extrinsic motivation?

external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation

example of external regualtion

I play sports because I get a scholarship and free gear

example of introjected regulation

I play sports because I do not want to disappoint my parents

example of indentified regualtion

I play sports because staying active is important

example of Intergrated regulation

I play sports because I like being an athlete and it is important to learning hard work

what is external regualtion?

completely extrinsic, you are avoiding something or get something

what is introjected regulation?

some what internal but looking to avoid guilt

what is identified regulation?

understand the importance of the adoption of values

what is integrated regulation?

internal and congruent values

operant conditioning

do things for attractive consequences and avoid things that elicit aversive consequences

punishment

decrease behavior

reinforcement

increase behavior

positive reinforcement

introduce something pleasent

negative reinforcement

remove something unpleasent