Biological Membranes

A set of flashcards covering key concepts about biological membranes, including structure, transport mechanisms, and energy utilization.

What is the primary purpose of biological membranes?

Cell communication, organ function, and energy generation.

What process involves moving substances from low to high concentration?

Active transport.

What molecule is used as the primary energy source in cells?

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).

What is the chemical equation for the conversion of ATP?

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + Energy.

Which protein is essential for maintaining the concentration gradient of ions?

Proton pump.

What ion gradient is established by the Na⁺/K⁺ pump?

3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in.

What happens to a cell when it is depolarized?

It undergoes a change in membrane potential, leading to the transmission of signals.

What is the resting potential of a typical cell?

Approximately -70 mV.

What term describes the movement of large molecules into the cell?

Endocytosis.

What is the term for engulfing solid particles by cells?

Phagocytosis.

What is the term for the uptake of liquids by cells?

Pinocytosis.

How do receptor-mediated endocytosis and general endocytosis differ?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves specific receptors to bind and intake molecules.

What structure is responsible for the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria?

Electron transport chain (ETC).

What type of molecules are transported by vesicles during exocytosis?

Proteins, polysaccharides, LDL/HDL cholesterol.

What cellular structures are involved in excocytosis?

Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane.

What type of signal does the ECG/EKG measure?

Cardiac muscle electrical activity.

What does the EEG measure in the body?

Electrical activity in the brain and nerve cells.

What drives the process of active transport?

The input of energy, typically from ATP.

What is a characteristic feature of specialized cells related to transport?

They have unique proteins that facilitate the transport processes.

What is the result of hyperpolarization in a neuron's membrane?

Increased negativity in the interior of the cell, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

What happens to a neuron when it is repolarized?

It returns to its resting potential after depolarization.

What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus?

To modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion or use within the cell.

What is the function of pseudopods in certain cells?

To aid in movement and in the engulfing of particles.

Which cells utilize pinocytosis to intake nutrients?

Amoebas and phagocytes.

How does ATP contribute to cellular activity?

By providing energy for various biochemical reactions.

What is the significance of membrane potential in cellular functions?

It is crucial for conducting electrical signals in excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells.