IDs Affecting the Nervous System

Aedes mosquito

Vector for zika virus

Vertical

Vector-borne

Sexual contact

Common modes of transmission of zika virus

PCR testing

Diagnostic tool for zika virus

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

Supportive treatment is used for zika virus infections

Guillan-barré syndrome

Syndrome that may be caused by an infection of zika virus affecting the host's peripheral nervous system

Furious rabies

Form of rabies where the host is agitated, disoriented, hydrophobic, and presents with seizures or twitching

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

Both forms of rabies progress to a coma phase

Parenteral (bite trauma)

Droplet contact

Common transmission modes of rabies virus

Envelope glycoprotein

Virulence factor of rabies virus

Direct fluorescent antibody test

Diagnosis of rabies is confirmed by

Postexposure passive and active immunization

Induced coma and ventilator support

Treatment for rabies virus infection

Poliomyelitis

Acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis

Anterior horn

As a neurotropic virus, poliovirus infiltrates which part of the spinal cord?

Paralytic disease

Condition caused by polio that causes various degrees of flaccid paralysis in muscles

Bulbar poliomyelitis

Condition caused by polio that affects the brainstem, medulla, and cranial nerves

Post-polio syndrome

Progressive muscular deterioration in 25-50% of patients decades after initial infection

Fecal-oral

Vehicle

Modes of transmission of poliovirus

Viral culture

Serology

Ways to diagnose poliovirus

None

Palliative

Supportive

Treatment for polio

2months old

Earliest an infant can be vaccinated for polio

Clostridium tetani

Causative agent of tetanus

Tetanospasmin

Neurotoxin compound produced by C. tetani that binds to motor neurons, causing uncontrollable contractions that results in paralysis

Diphtheria and Pertussis toxoids

Vaccination with tetanus toxoid is usually in combination with other toxoids such as?

Antitoxin

Tetanus toxin immunization

Metronidazole

Muscle relaxants

Sedation

Treatment for tetanus

Botulinum toxin (Botox)

Which toxin is also used cosmetically

Acetylcholine

Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis by preventing the release of what compound?

Clostridium botulinum

Causative agent of botulism disease

Food-borne botulism

Infant botulism

Wound botulism

Three major forms of botulism

Vehicle

Direct contact

Parenteral

Modes of transmission of botulism

Antitoxin

Penicillin G

Supportive care

Treatment for botulism

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Causative agents for African Sleeping Sickness

Tsetse fly

Vector for T. brucei

Vector

Vertical

Modes of transmission for african sleeping sickness

Suramin

Pentamidine

Early treatment for African sleeping sickness

Eflornithine

Melarsoprol

Late treatment for African sleeping sickness

Antigen shifting

Virulence factor of T. brucei

E

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of African sleeping sickness?

A. Intermittent fever, enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain

B. Personality and behavioral changes

C. Uncontrollable sleepiness during the day, sleeplessness at night

D. Muscle tremors, shuffling gait, slurred speech, seizures, local paralysis

E. All of the above

Neisseria meningitidis

Causative agent for meningococcemia

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram-positive diplococcus that produces alpha-hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide inducing damage to the CNS

Prevnar 13

Pneumovax

Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae (serotype B)

Its serotype B is responsible for its most common infection. Also causing meningitis

Listeria monocytogenes

Gram-positive bacteria with varying morphologies and grows intracellularly. Causes meningitis in elderly and immunocompromised individuals.

Cryptococcus neoformans

Fungus that causes chronic meningitis, transmitted by bird droppings.

Coccidioides

Meningitis causing fungus that has two forms, one of which is parasitic.

Coccidioides posadasii

Coccidioides species that is endemic to Arizona

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE

While HSV can, HIV does not manifest as meningitis

Ceftriaxone

Common treatment for N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae

Ampicilin and Gentamycin

Treatment used against Listeria monocytogenes

C.

Which of the following meningitis causing bacteria is not capsulated?

A. Neisseria meningitidis

B. Haemophilus influenzae

C. Listeria monocytogenes

D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

Meningitis caused by viruses are generally milder than those caused by fungi

Streptococcus agalactiae

Most frequent causative agent of neonatal meningitis

K1

Which strain of Escherichia coli is the most common?

Cronobacter sakazakii

Bacteria that causes outbreaks of neonatal and infant meningitis through contaminated powdered formula

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE

Neonatal Meningitis caused by E. coli has a higher mortality rate than Cronobacter sakazakii

Aminoglycosides

Treatment against S. agalactiae is supported by what in addition to Penicillin G?

Olfactory nerve

If entered through the nasal passage, which nerve does the amoeba traverse in order to enter the brain?

Meningoencephalitis

Infection of the brain and the meninges

Naegleria fowleri

Causative agent for meningoencephalitis that is transmitted through swimming in contaminated waters

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

What kind of meningoencephalitis is caused by Naegleria fowleri

Acanthamoeba

Protozoa that causes meningoencephalitis by invading broken skin, conjunctiva, lungs, and urogenital epithelia

Granulomatous Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

Type of meningoencephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba

Pentamidine

Common treatment used against Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba

Acyclovir

Common treatment used for viral encephalitis

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

Acute encephalitis is almost always caused by a viral infection

West Nile Virus

Arbovirus where birds are its amplifying host

Groundhog

Jamestown Canyon virus: deer or moose

Powassan virus: ?

HSV-1

Which type of HSV is the most common cause for acute encephalitis

JC virus

Virus that may cause Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Toxoplasma gondii

Flagellated protozoa commonly carried by felines, causes subacute encephalitis.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

Specific encephalitis caused by persistent measles infection.

Prions

Agents causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

PRPsc

Prion protein converted from normal protein in the brain (PRPc)