PLTW- Principles of of Biomedical Sciences 2024 Midterm

Plain Arch

Tented Arch

What kind of fingerprint is this?

Loop

Whorl

Minutae

Tiny fingerprint details. Most common one is ridge ending

How many minutae are needed to confirm that two fingerprints are identical?

12-15

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood that consists of water and dissolved substances

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Blood cells that transport oxygen throughout the body

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Blood cells that are active in immune response

Platelets

Assist in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets/ damaged epithelium

Micropipettes are used to measure liquids in _____.

microliters

How do you convert from µl to mL?

1000 µl = 1 mL

Rigor mortis

Stiffening of joints and muscles after death

Livor mortis

Pooling of blood in the body following death (lividity)

Algor mortis

The change in body temperature after death

What happens to the body within the first 24 hours of death?

Within the first 2-4 hours, rigor mortis sets in. Within 3-4 hours, the corneas cloud. From 0-24 hours livor mortis sets in, and algor mortis sets in, making the body cool down to match the temperature of its surroundings. At 36-48 hours, the body begins decomposition, rigor mortis fades, it turns greenish and swells.

Frontal lobe

Controls emotions and behaviors and organizes information

Parietal lobe

Integrates sensory and visual information

Temporal lobe

Processes language and stores information

Occipital lobe

Receives and processes sensory information from the eyes

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

a brain dysfunction caused by an outside force to the head

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

the death of brain cells caused by repeated head injuries

What is l, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Aorta; oxygenated

What is n, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

pulmonary artery; deoxygenated

What do c & g represent, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Vena Cava; deoxygenated

what does e represent, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

right atrium; deoxygenated

What is i and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

right ventricle; deoxygenated

What is p, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

left atrium; oxygenated

What is s, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

left ventricle; oxygenated

Ventricular Septal Defect

A hole in the wall separating the ventricles, causes oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix together, so the heart must work harder to provide oxygen.

Symptoms of Ventricular Septal Defect

Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions; the tendency to resist change

Negative feedback loop

causes the system to stop doing original action

Positive feedback loop

reinforces the original action the body was doing

Diabetes

disorder caused by broken feedback loops involving insulin

What kind of feedback loop is this?

Normal blood glucose feedback loop

Type 1 Diabetes

Which type of diabetes is this?

Type 2 Diabetes

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

In type 1 diabetes there is no insulin production, in type 2 diabetes there is insulin resistance

How is diabetes monitored?

Glucometer

Blood Pressure

the force of blood moving through blood vessels; sphygmomanometer

Pulse

Number of heartbeats per minute; stethoscope

Respiratory Rate

Number of breaths per minute; stethoscope

What is a Complete Blood Count (CBC) test and what does it look for?

Blood test that looks for potential conditions impacting blood cells

Lipid panel test

blood test that tests cholesterol levels; looks for/prevents heart disease

LDL

lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to cells; considered high if at 160 mg/dl or above

HDL

lipoprotein that removes excess cholesterol from bloodstream & transports to liver; considered high if less than 40 mg/dL

What level is considered a high level of total cholesterol?

240 mg/dL or above

What is HIPAA?

Set of standards and practices designed to give patients specific rights regarding their protected health information

What is the main purpose of HIPAA?

• Protect the privacy of patients

• Prevent the use of confidential information without permission

• Provide continuous health insurance for patients switching jobs

Who can you discuss a patient’s information and test results with?

Other professionals working with the patient

Nucleotide

Building block of nucleic acids

Chromosome

DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones

Gene

sequence of nucleic acids that code for a hereditary trait

What is protein synthesis (translation)

the creation of a protein from a DNA template

DNA is ______ into mRNA

transcribed

mRNA is ______ into proteins

translated

Transcribe the following DNA sequence into mRNA, then translate the mRNA into amino acids.

T A C G T G A C C T G A C C T A T C

AUG CAC UGG ACU GGA UAG

MET HIS TRP THR GLY STOP

mutation

a rare change in genetic material

substitution

a type of mutation where one DNA base is substituted for another

Insertion

A type of mutation where one DNA base is added to the sequence

Deletion

A type of mutation where one DNA base is removed from the sequence

Phenotype

physical appearance/characteristics. ex: blue eyes

Genotype

genetic constitution represented in letters. Ex: Bb

Allele

different variations of the same gene

Dominant Allele

genes that keep other genes from showing their traits

Recessive Allele

Genes that do not show their traits when dominant genes are present

Heterozygous

2 different alleles (Ex: Tt)

Homozygous

2 identical alleles (Ex: TT or tt)

Pedigree

chart showing a record of the family of an individual

Autosomal dominant

One mutated allele is sufficient to cause symptoms in the individual

Autosomal recessive

two mutated alleles are required for the individual to experience disease symptoms

What kind of inheritance pattern is this?

Autosomal dominant

What kind of inheritance pattern is this?

Autosomal recessive

Sickle Cell Anemia

An inherited disorder that changes the shape of beta-chain hemoglobin inside the red blood cells

Why do some individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia get blood transfusions?

To increase the number of normal red blood cells and increase oxygen concentration in blood