World History Final Exam

STUDY SUDY AND MORE STUDY

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Impact of the Renaissance

\-Spreads to Northern Europe \n -Sparks interest in art, exploration, & technology \n -Paved the way for the Reformation \n -Marks the birth of the "modern world"

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Botticelli

Italian Renaissance painter who painted members of the Medici family and religious figures; famous for Venus.

Michelangelo

Renaissance painter, sculptor, and architect; painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote 95 theses and started the Reformation 

95 Theses

Martin Luther nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. Started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Ferdinand and Isabella

The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.

Columbus and the conquistadors

explorers who went into new lands and took them over for the country that was paying them; often with force

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Aztec and Inca Empires

believed the ruler was the central political and religious authority.

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Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans

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Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics; laid the groundwork for modern science.

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Enlightenment

Age of Reason

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Isaac Newtown 

English math professor who discovered the Law of Gravity and Three Laws of Motion

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Renee Descartes

a scientist that believed that science should be based on science and math and not religion; famous for "I think, therefore I am"

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Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

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Frances Bacon

developed the scientific method

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Adam Smith 

wrote the wealth of nations

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John Locke

English philosopher who made the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

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Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers 

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Thomas Hobbs

believed people are selfish, self-serving, and brutal. Without control, society would be chaotic

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

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Louis XIV

French king who personified absolute monarchy.

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Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

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Peter the GREAT 

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

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American Revolution 

the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain

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Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

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Concord and Lexington

where the first battles of the American Revolution were fought... "The shot heard round the world"

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Yorktown

Last battle of the war of independence in 1789 where the British surrendered.

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Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

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Causes of the American Revolution

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\-British taxed colonies heavily-

"No taxation without representation"

\-colonists resented being taxed without having a representative in Parliament

\-Tax Acts including: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act angered colonists

\-Boston Massacre

\-Intolerable Acts(Coercive Acts)

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French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789

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Three Estates of France

clergy, nobility, commoners

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national assembly and the tennis court oath

3rd Estate created the Assembly to make laws for all French people. They were determined to write a constitution. When they were locked out of the meeting, they met across the street on a tennis court and took an oath to not leave until they had the constitution.

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Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen 

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

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Reign of Terror and Robespierre

put anyone to death who opposed revolution, 

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Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French 

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Russia

This kingdom expanded its territory thousands of miles Eastward and took advantage of a weakened Ottoman Empire.

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Waterloo

Battle in Belgium that was Napoleon's final defeat

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Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

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iron and coal

• natural resources that helped the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain

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what spread the industrial revolution

railways and waterways

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How did the Industrial Revolution affect cities?

It made the population grow faster than the housing supply

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How did the Industrial Revolution affect the class system?

Needed more people to work in factories

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what was the role of women and children in the Industrial Revolution?

\-worked in factories; more working than ever before 

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Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

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Communism

a form of socialism that does not allow private ownership; started by Karl Marx

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Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

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Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

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"White Man's Burden"

a poem about the idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

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European Colonialism

the process of european settlement/political control over the rest of the world

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Scramble for Africa/Berlin Conference

European Countries met to split up land in Africa

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Spanish-American War

1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain

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what territories were gained after the Spanish-American war?

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Guam

Puerto Rico

Philippines 

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Philippine-American War

The conflict that arose when the US tried to annex this Pacific Island chain

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World War I

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

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MAIN causes for WW1

MILITARISM-many forces built of their armies.

\n ALLIANCES- they formed out of fear and jealousy.

\n IMPERIALISM-desire for new power. competition for colonies.

\n NATIONALISM-desire for freedom and self-determination within

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certain ethnic groups.

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Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary

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Garvrilo Princip

The person who killed the Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand; this started WW1

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Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

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Western Front/trench warfare

when the two opposing sides fight from trenches that face each other to protect soldiers 

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Lusitania

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

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Vladimir Lenin

Leader Russia's Bolshevik movement.

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Communist Revolution

This political movement achieved success by promising the peasants of China land reform.

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Soviets/Bolsheviks

soviets wanted socialism and peace, bolsheviks wanted revolution and socialism, allied together

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difference between Communism and Fascism 

Communism: Everything is controlled by the government \n Fascism: Doing anything for the country (intense nationalism)

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Treaty of Versailles and appeasement

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

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Effects of the Great Depression

\- Many banks fail. \n - Many businesses and factories fail. \n - Millions of Americans are out of work. \n - Many are homeless and hungry. \n - Families break up and people suffer

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Stalin 

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state 

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Churchill

British Prime Minister

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Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator

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Hitler

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\-German Nazi dictator during World War II 

\-Nazi leader and founder;

\-had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

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Kristallnacht and the Holocaust

"Night of broken glass" in Germany when people destroyed Jewish stores and homes, starting point of policy that sent Jews and others to concentration camps

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Turning Point Battles

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Midway (Pacific)

Stalingrad (Russia)

El Alamein (N. Africa)

D-Day (France)

\*battles that shifting things in WWII

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Interwar Period

period between World War I and World War II

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World War II 

war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

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Pearl Harbor

US Naval base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which entered America into WWII 

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D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

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Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army; was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union

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Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

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Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb

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Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped 

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Outcomes of WWII

1\. Europe was completely destroyed. \n 2. Partitioning of Germany and Austria \n 3. Allied Occupation Zones in Germany \n 4. Reparations

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Cold War

A ==conflict== that was between the US and the Soviet Union- never was a WAR on the battlefield but deadly threats back on forth went on for years.

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Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

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Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe after WWII

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Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

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