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"Revolution of 1800"
jefferson's election changed gov direction to republicans; goal - restore republican govt, check growth of gov power + halt decay of virtue set under federal rule
Judiciary Act of 1801
1 of laster important laws passed by federalist congress; created 16 new federal judgeships + offices; adam's last try to keep federalist in power; goal - federalists to dominate judicial branch (positions for lifetime)
"Midnight judges"
16 judges that were added by Judiciary Act of 1801; called this cuz adam signed their appointments late on his last day in office
John Marshall
chief justice of supreme court; appointed by adams + a midnight judge; cousin of jefferson; shaped legal tradition more profoundly than anyone else; bolstered powers of fed govt at expense of states
James Madison
secretary of state; federalist leader; sued by Marbury cuz he shelved his commission; 4th US president; had to enforce embargo w/brit; step towards war for brit + amer
Marbury vs. Madison
marbury's petition based on judiciary act of 1789, which marshall states was unconstitutional as it wasn't in the constitution; helped establish judicial review
"Judicial review"
idea that supreme court had last word on question of constitutionality
Tripolitan War
4 year conflict between US navy + tripoli (north afr nation) over mediterranean piracy; tripoli wanted more shares of protection money so cut down flagstaff of amer consultation; secured peace treaty for $60k to release captured amer in 1805
Louisiana Purchase
1803; US bought LA territory from fra for $15 million; fra wanted to reignite war w/Brit + LA would be hard to defend; doubled size of US; 3 treaties signed to buy it
Lewis and Clark
explorers sent out to explore LA territory (2 yrs); took 33 explorers w/them
Corps of Discovery
official name of Lewis + Clark expedition; 33 ppl were sent by Jefferson to explore territory
Orders in Council
issued by london gov; vessels had to stop at british ports 1st before going to french ports; napoleon ordered all merchant ships that entered brit ports to be seized; amer vessels were in middle of dispute, despite being neutral
Impressments
forceful enlistments of sailors; brit ships would stop amer vessels + impress amer sailors; amer wanted war w/brit
Embargo Act of 1807
ended export of all goods from US foreign ships; idea of peace coercion; would justify neutral nations' rights if worked; republic could die + can be brought into war; hurt US economy
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
replaced embargo act; only forbade trade w/fra + britain; didn't succeed in chiang brit/fre policy towards neutral ships
Macon's Bill No. 2
replaced non-intercourse act of 1809; forbade trade w/brit + fra, unless whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first; fra repealed restriction, but brit had naval dominance + decided not to repeal; embargo forced only on brit
Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa
shawnee chief + brother 'the prophet' worked to build confederacy of tribes east of MI; rejected white concepts of ownership + urged supporters to never cede land to white unless everyone agreed; killed fighting for brit during war of 1812 at battle of thames
Battle of Tippecanoe
harrison gathered army + advanced at shawnee headquarters; prophet attacked army + failed; shawnee's settlement burned + routed
William Henry Harrison
governor of IN area who defeated shawnee brothers; overtook + defeated Brit troops at battle of thames; made brit retreat from detroit + fort malden; whig candidate in election of 1836; 9th president
Declaration of the War of 1812
madison asks congress to declare war due to macon's bill, brit armed natives on frontier (shawnees), war hawks pressure for wark (wanted more land + protect amer honor), + dem-rup favored fra in battle between fra/brit
USS Constitution
'old ironside'; popular/powerful amer warship; thick dies, heavier firepower, + larger crews
Battle of Thames
between amer + brit; harrison overtook + beat brit troops; caused brit to retreat from detroit + fort malden
Battle of Bladensburg
brit forces ~4k landed in chesapeake bay area; continued onto washington, captured + burned DC
Burning of Washington D.C.
battle of Bladensburg when British forces invaded Amer capital + burned the white house, capital + other buildings down
Fort McHenry
brit fleets attacked from here in baltimore w/cannons but failed to capture city
Francis Scott Key
detained amer in brit ship; inspired by amer defenders at fort mchenry + wrote words of "the star-spangled banner"
Andrew Jackson
crushed southwest natives w/Brit allies in battle of horseshoe bend + brit frontal attack at battle of new orleans; from TN; hero from New Orleans; took part in election of 1824; strongest personal appeal (in W especially); campaign went against corruption + govt privilege; died of lead poisoning; fought in 100+ duels; spoil system, which increased party support + corruption
Battle of New Orleans
battle where brit made a frontal assault on entrenched amer riflemen + cannoneers mistakenly; considered most devastating defeat in entire war; 2k Brits were lost in ½ hour + 70 Amer
Congress of Vienna
convention of major euro powers to redraw euro boundaries after napoleon was exiled
Treaty of Ghent
declared end of war of 1812; both sides stopped fighting + restores conquered land; stated war was draw as neither side could impose their will + meet their grievances
Hartford Convention
called in MA when capture of new orleans seemed close; 26 men met in secrecy for 3 weeks to talk abt their grievances + redress for their wrongdoings; demanded ⅔ congressional votes, abolish ⅗ clause, presidents serve 1 term, 2 consecutive presidents can't be from same state; became downfall of federalists
Virginia Dynasty
4 of the first 5 presidents were from VA; plantation owners
Rush-Bagot Agreement
agreement between US + Brit; severely limited naval armament on great lakes; later expanded to undefended US canada border
The American System
plan developed by Clay for raising tariffs to pay for internal improvements; 3 parts - 1) strong bank system would provide easy + abundant credits 2) Clay would advocate for a protective tariff 3) revenues from the tariffs would provide funds for networks of roads + canals
James Monroe
nominated for rep party for election of 1816; continued VA dynasty
"Era of Good Feelings"
boston newspaper that announced it; commonly used since to describe Monroe's administration; misnomer as there were still problems - issues of tariff, bank of US, internal improvement, sale of public land, sectionalism, + slavery becoming a bigger problem
"Wildcat banks"
western banks that foreclosed mortgages on many farms during panic of 1819; legal but unwise; western debtors thought bank of US would become evil
Tallmadge Amendment
failed proposal to prohibit slaves into MO + pave way for gradual emancipation for slaves' children; southerners opposed this cuz they saw it as threat to sectional balance between north + south
"Peculiar institution"
another term for slavery + its economic impacts in south
Missouri Compromise
'compromise of 1820'; MO was slave state; Maine entered as a free state; all states north of 36 degree 30' were free states + all south were slave states
McCulloch v. Maryland
MD was trying to tax the national bank to try + destroy a branch of Bank of US; Marshall declared bank constitutional by invoking implied powers; strengthened federal govt + denied MD the right to tax the bank
Cohens v. Virginia
Cohen brothers went to Supreme court after VA court found them guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets; reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the rights of supreme court to review decision of state supreme courts in questions involving federal govt powers
Gibbons v. Ogden
NY tried to give priv company a monopoly on waterborne commerce between NY + NJ (only they could use that waterway); NY lost + marshall concluded that supreme court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce
Fletcher v. Peck
GA legislature bribed to give 35 mil acres of land to priv speculators; next legislature canceled transaction + marshall issued that the legislative grant was contract + the constitution forbids state laws from 'impairing' contracts; helped to protect property rights against popular pressure
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
college chartered by King George III + NH legislature wanted to change name; Daniel Webster defended college + didn't want to change it; college wins cuz 'original charter must stand'; contracts can't be broken
Anglo-American Convention
signed by Brit + US; allowed new england fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries; established the Northern border of LA territory; provided for joint occupation of Oregon country for 10 yrs; w/o surrender of any claims/rights to Amer or Brit
Florida Purchase Treaty
aka Adams-Onis treaty; Spa gave FL + its claim to oregon to US in exchange for amer claims of texas; gave Amer southwest to spa
Monroe Doctrine
declared that europe should not interfere in affairs of western hemisphere; any interference would be seen as threat to US; just a show of nationalism; no major impact until later 1800s; nation didn't have power to back it up
Corrupt Bargain
Jackson couldn't win majority electoral votes; HOR had to pick from top 3 candidates + Clay got to choose (Speaker of the House + eliminated); chose JQA (hates Jackson + Crawford just had a stroke); Adams then makes Clay his secretary of state as they have much in common (both nationalists + advocates of Amer system)
John Quincy Adams
from MA; won election of 1824 (6th president); part of "corrupt bargain"; Clay is secretary of state; formed new political party (National Republicans) + was its leader; didn't use spoil system to reward those loyal to him
Henry Clay
from KY; took part in election of 1824; eliminated but got to chose president; was Speaker of the House before secretary of state for Adams
John C. Calhoun
ran for VP for both JQA + Jackson during election of 1824
12th Amendment
directed HOR to choose winner of election when there's no outright majority winner of electoral votes; must choose from top 3
National Republicans
JQA was leader; Clay part of it; supported strong central govt, road building, + Bank of US to shape economy; supporters were merchant + farmers (like federalists)
Democratic-Republicans
Jackson was leader; supported less centralized govt
Spoils system
rewarded political supporter w/public office/position; Jackson introduced this on a large scale during his presidency; increase party support + corruption
Tariff of 1828
'tariff of abominations'; Congress passed tariff that favored manufacturing in north but hated in south; South forced to buy goods from Amer markets; (55%)
The South Carolina Exposition
secretly written by VP Calhoun; said tariff of abominations is unjust/unconstitutional; proposed that states should nullify tariff
Nullify
to make invalid
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Clay proposed new tariff that slowly lowered tariff to level of tariff in 1816; reduced by 10% for 8 years; prevented civil war + prolonged union for 30 years; opposed by New Eng + middle states; favored by South + Calhoun
"Five Civilized Tribes"
Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, + Seminoles; Jackson forced them out of their land + assimilate them into white society
Indian Removal Act
act that allowed removal of Natives who lived east of MI river to west; heaviest blow to five civilized tribes
Trail of Tears
Cherokees were forced to leave native land + march; caused many to die; ended up at Indian territory where they were free of white encroachment for 15 years
Andrew Jackson's "bank war"
over bank renewal in 1832; if signed, he would lose his followers from west; if vetoed, would lose presidency coming up by losing wealthy groups in east; ends up vetoing in saying that Bank Bill was unconstitutional, even tho McCulloch v. MD said it was constitutional; gave executive bench more power than judicial branch; harmful to nation
Nicholas Biddle
president of bank of US; immense/unconstitutional power over nation's financial affairs; called him "Czar Nicholas I" + bank "hydra of corruption"
"Pet banks"
state-level banks loyal to Democrats; surplus federal funds after death of bank put here
Specie Circular
US treasury decree that required all public land be bought w/coin; issues after small state banks flooded market w/unreliable paper money; halted speculation + contributed to panic of 1837
Whig Party
political party formed to oppose democrats; stood for protective tariffs, national banking, + federal aid for internal improvements; claimed to appeal common people + declared democrats as party of cronyism/corruption
Martin van Buren
VP for Jackson (forcefully) during 2nd time; resented by democrats cuz he snuggled into office + disappointment compared to Jackson; got Jackson's enemies; handed all economic problem Jackson made; blamed for panic of 1837; not reelected
Panic of 1837
economic depression during Van Buren's presidency; caused by rampant speculation by banks + Jackson's financial policies; started when 2 Brit banks failed + Brit investors called in foreign loans, but US couldn't provide them; 100s of banks fell + carried down many millions in govt funds; Van Buren - reluctant to Whigs' ideas to expand bank credit, raise taxes, + subsidize internal improvement
Independent Treasury Bill
govt would hold its revenues than deposit them in banks, keeping funds away from priv companies; denies bank system as reserve + shrunk available credit resource; repealed the next year by whigs but reenacted by democrats
Stephen Austin
granted huge tract of land from new regime in mexico city; expected to bring 300 fams to TX; immigrants were expected to convert to Roman Caths + Mexicanize; didn't happen cuz most stayed Amer
Sam Houston
ex-governor of TN; commander in chief of TX army at battle of San Jacinto; elected president of TX
Santa Anna
dictator of Mexico removed local rights of texans + tried to raise army to suppress rebellion; Austin went to mexico to negotiate differences in slavery, immigration, + local rights, but jailed for 8 months
Lone Star Republic
nickname for TX after it won its independence from mexico; recognized by Jackson before leaving office but wanted admission into union
The Alamo
a spa mission + fort which was where Anna sieged TX forces/army of 200 ppl in 13 days
Battle of San Jacinto
final battle of TX revolution; houston could lure Anna into San Jacinto + then captured & forced him to sign 2 treaties that granted TX independence;' after he was released, he said the agreement was illegal
Urbanization
increase in percentage + # of people living in cities; in 1790, only 2 cities (NY + Philly) had population of 20,000; by 1860, 43 cities + ~300 other places had 5,000 inhabitants; lots of by-products including smelly slums, feeble street lighting, inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, ravenous rats, + improper garbage disposal
Population growth
population continued to double every 25 years cuz of medicine + as Amer moved westward
Irish immigration
1.5+ million ppl immigrated cuz of potato famine in Ireland; poor, so forced to live in cities like Boston + NYc (eventually they became largest Irish cities); scorned by Amer ('proper' Protestants) as they thought they were a social menace
German immigration
1.5 million immigrants; many were farmers; escaped from militarism + war from euro (isolationist sentiment); had liberal political refugees; many had material goods so could push out to midwest + built their farms; they formed influential voter; less powerful cuz more scattered; brought Conestoga wagon, KY rifle, + Christmas tree; supported public schools (kindergarten) + hated slavery; wanted to preserve their language + culture
"Nativists"
amer who opposed immigration; feared that foreign horses would outbreed, outvote, + overwhelm 'native' stocks; Catholicism would rise in ranks (1st in 1850 w/~1.8 million) as more irish/germans in 1840s/50s
"Know-Nothing Party
formed by nativists + known as 'order of the star-spangled banner'; political party in 1850s; anti-Cath + anti-immigrants; aka amer party; derived from secretiveness
Industrial Revolution
transformation from agriculture to industrial nation; wouldn't of been possible w/o immigrants; developed machines to produce textiles + transformed agricultural production & methods of transport/communication
Factory system
system bringing manufacturing steps together in 1 place to increase efficiency; spread from Britain
Samuel Slater
'father of the factory system' in amer + father of movement; brought over british machinery plans to amer; made 1st efficient amer machinery for spinning cotton thread in 1791
Eli Whitney
mechanical genius from MA; graduated from Yale + went to GA + served as priv tutor while studying law; invented cotton gin in 10 days + interchangeable parts
Cotton gin
invented by Whitney in 1793; 50% more effective than hand picking; made cotton profitable in amer; revived slavery
"King Cotton"
name given to S after cotton became dominant agricultural product; slave labor cleared more land for cotton, pushing more west; factories flourished in New Eng
Tariff of 1816
1st protective tariff in amer that helped industry; raised prices of British goods (cheaper + better quality)
Interchangeable parts
created by Whitney; identical pieces could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers; largely adopted in 1850; become basis of modern mass production; helped factories in north flourish
Samuel F.B. Morse
invented telegraph; in 1844, strung wire 40 miles from washington to baltimore + tapped out a message
"Wage slaves"
northern factory workers were kicked out when they were too old to work
Labor unions/strikes
workers formed an organization for better working conditions + wages; forbidden by law
Commonwealth v. Hunt
MA Supreme Court decision declaring labor unions were legal + said their methods were 'honorable/peaceful'; strengthened labor movement (upheld legality of unions)
"Factory girls"
young women employed in factories; worked 6 days a week + labored for long hours in hard conditions; lived away from farms + families; forbidden to form unions + had few opportunities to share discontent over conditions; new level of independence
"Cult of domesticity"
idealized view of women + home; women expected to be selfless caregivers for children + husbands; commanded immense moral power + made decisions that altered family's character
John Deere
invented steel plow, changing farming; steel plow broke soil sharply + effectively; solved problems of thick soil in west; light enough to be pulled by horses
Cyrus McCormick
from VA; invented mechanical mower-reaper to harvest gains (wheat); 1 man = work of 5
Robert Fulton
painter-engineer who installed a steam engine in ship; started steamboat craze; steamboats could charge against current (10 mph vs previous 1 mph); 60 steamboats on MI + tributaries; ~1000 steamboats in 1860