APUSH Quarter 3 Final Exam Key Terms

"Revolution of 1800"

jefferson's election changed gov direction to republicans; goal - restore republican govt, check growth of gov power + halt decay of virtue set under federal rule

Judiciary Act of 1801

1 of laster important laws passed by federalist congress; created 16 new federal judgeships + offices; adam's last try to keep federalist in power; goal - federalists to dominate judicial branch (positions for lifetime)

"Midnight judges"

16 judges that were added by Judiciary Act of 1801; called this cuz adam signed their appointments late on his last day in office

John Marshall

chief justice of supreme court; appointed by adams + a midnight judge; cousin of jefferson; shaped legal tradition more profoundly than anyone else; bolstered powers of fed govt at expense of states

James Madison

secretary of state; federalist leader; sued by Marbury cuz he shelved his commission; 4th US president; had to enforce embargo w/brit; step towards war for brit + amer

Marbury vs. Madison

marbury's petition based on judiciary act of 1789, which marshall states was unconstitutional as it wasn't in the constitution; helped establish judicial review

"Judicial review"

idea that supreme court had last word on question of constitutionality

Tripolitan War

4 year conflict between US navy + tripoli (north afr nation) over mediterranean piracy; tripoli wanted more shares of protection money so cut down flagstaff of amer consultation; secured peace treaty for $60k to release captured amer in 1805

Louisiana Purchase

1803; US bought LA territory from fra for $15 million; fra wanted to reignite war w/Brit + LA would be hard to defend; doubled size of US; 3 treaties signed to buy it

Lewis and Clark

explorers sent out to explore LA territory (2 yrs); took 33 explorers w/them

Corps of Discovery

official name of Lewis + Clark expedition; 33 ppl were sent by Jefferson to explore territory

Orders in Council

issued by london gov; vessels had to stop at british ports 1st before going to french ports; napoleon ordered all merchant ships that entered brit ports to be seized; amer vessels were in middle of dispute, despite being neutral

Impressments

forceful enlistments of sailors; brit ships would stop amer vessels + impress amer sailors; amer wanted war w/brit

Embargo Act of 1807

ended export of all goods from US foreign ships; idea of peace coercion; would justify neutral nations' rights if worked; republic could die + can be brought into war; hurt US economy

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

replaced embargo act; only forbade trade w/fra + britain; didn't succeed in chiang brit/fre policy towards neutral ships

Macon's Bill No. 2

replaced non-intercourse act of 1809; forbade trade w/brit + fra, unless whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first; fra repealed restriction, but brit had naval dominance + decided not to repeal; embargo forced only on brit

Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa

shawnee chief + brother 'the prophet' worked to build confederacy of tribes east of MI; rejected white concepts of ownership + urged supporters to never cede land to white unless everyone agreed; killed fighting for brit during war of 1812 at battle of thames

Battle of Tippecanoe

harrison gathered army + advanced at shawnee headquarters; prophet attacked army + failed; shawnee's settlement burned + routed

William Henry Harrison

governor of IN area who defeated shawnee brothers; overtook + defeated Brit troops at battle of thames; made brit retreat from detroit + fort malden; whig candidate in election of 1836; 9th president

Declaration of the War of 1812

madison asks congress to declare war due to macon's bill, brit armed natives on frontier (shawnees), war hawks pressure for wark (wanted more land + protect amer honor), + dem-rup favored fra in battle between fra/brit

USS Constitution

'old ironside'; popular/powerful amer warship; thick dies, heavier firepower, + larger crews

Battle of Thames

between amer + brit; harrison overtook + beat brit troops; caused brit to retreat from detroit + fort malden

Battle of Bladensburg

brit forces ~4k landed in chesapeake bay area; continued onto washington, captured + burned DC

Burning of Washington D.C.

battle of Bladensburg when British forces invaded Amer capital + burned the white house, capital + other buildings down

Fort McHenry

brit fleets attacked from here in baltimore w/cannons but failed to capture city

Francis Scott Key

detained amer in brit ship; inspired by amer defenders at fort mchenry + wrote words of "the star-spangled banner"

Andrew Jackson

crushed southwest natives w/Brit allies in battle of horseshoe bend + brit frontal attack at battle of new orleans; from TN; hero from New Orleans; took part in election of 1824; strongest personal appeal (in W especially); campaign went against corruption + govt privilege; died of lead poisoning; fought in 100+ duels; spoil system, which increased party support + corruption

Battle of New Orleans

battle where brit made a frontal assault on entrenched amer riflemen + cannoneers mistakenly; considered most devastating defeat in entire war; 2k Brits were lost in ½ hour + 70 Amer

Congress of Vienna

convention of major euro powers to redraw euro boundaries after napoleon was exiled

Treaty of Ghent

declared end of war of 1812; both sides stopped fighting + restores conquered land; stated war was draw as neither side could impose their will + meet their grievances

Hartford Convention

called in MA when capture of new orleans seemed close; 26 men met in secrecy for 3 weeks to talk abt their grievances + redress for their wrongdoings; demanded ⅔ congressional votes, abolish ⅗ clause, presidents serve 1 term, 2 consecutive presidents can't be from same state; became downfall of federalists

Virginia Dynasty

4 of the first 5 presidents were from VA; plantation owners

Rush-Bagot Agreement

agreement between US + Brit; severely limited naval armament on great lakes; later expanded to undefended US canada border

The American System

plan developed by Clay for raising tariffs to pay for internal improvements; 3 parts - 1) strong bank system would provide easy + abundant credits 2) Clay would advocate for a protective tariff 3) revenues from the tariffs would provide funds for networks of roads + canals

James Monroe

nominated for rep party for election of 1816; continued VA dynasty

"Era of Good Feelings"

boston newspaper that announced it; commonly used since to describe Monroe's administration; misnomer as there were still problems - issues of tariff, bank of US, internal improvement, sale of public land, sectionalism, + slavery becoming a bigger problem

"Wildcat banks"

western banks that foreclosed mortgages on many farms during panic of 1819; legal but unwise; western debtors thought bank of US would become evil

Tallmadge Amendment

failed proposal to prohibit slaves into MO + pave way for gradual emancipation for slaves' children; southerners opposed this cuz they saw it as threat to sectional balance between north + south

"Peculiar institution"

another term for slavery + its economic impacts in south

Missouri Compromise

'compromise of 1820'; MO was slave state; Maine entered as a free state; all states north of 36 degree 30' were free states + all south were slave states

McCulloch v. Maryland

MD was trying to tax the national bank to try + destroy a branch of Bank of US; Marshall declared bank constitutional by invoking implied powers; strengthened federal govt + denied MD the right to tax the bank

Cohens v. Virginia

Cohen brothers went to Supreme court after VA court found them guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets; reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the rights of supreme court to review decision of state supreme courts in questions involving federal govt powers

Gibbons v. Ogden

NY tried to give priv company a monopoly on waterborne commerce between NY + NJ (only they could use that waterway); NY lost + marshall concluded that supreme court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce

Fletcher v. Peck

GA legislature bribed to give 35 mil acres of land to priv speculators; next legislature canceled transaction + marshall issued that the legislative grant was contract + the constitution forbids state laws from 'impairing' contracts; helped to protect property rights against popular pressure

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

college chartered by King George III + NH legislature wanted to change name; Daniel Webster defended college + didn't want to change it; college wins cuz 'original charter must stand'; contracts can't be broken

Anglo-American Convention

signed by Brit + US; allowed new england fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries; established the Northern border of LA territory; provided for joint occupation of Oregon country for 10 yrs; w/o surrender of any claims/rights to Amer or Brit

Florida Purchase Treaty

aka Adams-Onis treaty; Spa gave FL + its claim to oregon to US in exchange for amer claims of texas; gave Amer southwest to spa

Monroe Doctrine

declared that europe should not interfere in affairs of western hemisphere; any interference would be seen as threat to US; just a show of nationalism; no major impact until later 1800s; nation didn't have power to back it up

Corrupt Bargain

Jackson couldn't win majority electoral votes; HOR had to pick from top 3 candidates + Clay got to choose (Speaker of the House + eliminated); chose JQA (hates Jackson + Crawford just had a stroke); Adams then makes Clay his secretary of state as they have much in common (both nationalists + advocates of Amer system)

John Quincy Adams

from MA; won election of 1824 (6th president); part of "corrupt bargain"; Clay is secretary of state; formed new political party (National Republicans) + was its leader; didn't use spoil system to reward those loyal to him

Henry Clay

from KY; took part in election of 1824; eliminated but got to chose president; was Speaker of the House before secretary of state for Adams

John C. Calhoun

ran for VP for both JQA + Jackson during election of 1824

12th Amendment

directed HOR to choose winner of election when there's no outright majority winner of electoral votes; must choose from top 3

National Republicans

JQA was leader; Clay part of it; supported strong central govt, road building, + Bank of US to shape economy; supporters were merchant + farmers (like federalists)

Democratic-Republicans

Jackson was leader; supported less centralized govt

Spoils system

rewarded political supporter w/public office/position; Jackson introduced this on a large scale during his presidency; increase party support + corruption

Tariff of 1828

'tariff of abominations'; Congress passed tariff that favored manufacturing in north but hated in south; South forced to buy goods from Amer markets; (55%)

The South Carolina Exposition

secretly written by VP Calhoun; said tariff of abominations is unjust/unconstitutional; proposed that states should nullify tariff

Nullify

to make invalid

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Clay proposed new tariff that slowly lowered tariff to level of tariff in 1816; reduced by 10% for 8 years; prevented civil war + prolonged union for 30 years; opposed by New Eng + middle states; favored by South + Calhoun

"Five Civilized Tribes"

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, + Seminoles; Jackson forced them out of their land + assimilate them into white society

Indian Removal Act

act that allowed removal of Natives who lived east of MI river to west; heaviest blow to five civilized tribes

Trail of Tears

Cherokees were forced to leave native land + march; caused many to die; ended up at Indian territory where they were free of white encroachment for 15 years

Andrew Jackson's "bank war"

over bank renewal in 1832; if signed, he would lose his followers from west; if vetoed, would lose presidency coming up by losing wealthy groups in east; ends up vetoing in saying that Bank Bill was unconstitutional, even tho McCulloch v. MD said it was constitutional; gave executive bench more power than judicial branch; harmful to nation

Nicholas Biddle

president of bank of US; immense/unconstitutional power over nation's financial affairs; called him "Czar Nicholas I" + bank "hydra of corruption"

"Pet banks"

state-level banks loyal to Democrats; surplus federal funds after death of bank put here

Specie Circular

US treasury decree that required all public land be bought w/coin; issues after small state banks flooded market w/unreliable paper money; halted speculation + contributed to panic of 1837

Whig Party

political party formed to oppose democrats; stood for protective tariffs, national banking, + federal aid for internal improvements; claimed to appeal common people + declared democrats as party of cronyism/corruption

Martin van Buren

VP for Jackson (forcefully) during 2nd time; resented by democrats cuz he snuggled into office + disappointment compared to Jackson; got Jackson's enemies; handed all economic problem Jackson made; blamed for panic of 1837; not reelected

Panic of 1837

economic depression during Van Buren's presidency; caused by rampant speculation by banks + Jackson's financial policies; started when 2 Brit banks failed + Brit investors called in foreign loans, but US couldn't provide them; 100s of banks fell + carried down many millions in govt funds; Van Buren - reluctant to Whigs' ideas to expand bank credit, raise taxes, + subsidize internal improvement

Independent Treasury Bill

govt would hold its revenues than deposit them in banks, keeping funds away from priv companies; denies bank system as reserve + shrunk available credit resource; repealed the next year by whigs but reenacted by democrats

Stephen Austin

granted huge tract of land from new regime in mexico city; expected to bring 300 fams to TX; immigrants were expected to convert to Roman Caths + Mexicanize; didn't happen cuz most stayed Amer

Sam Houston

ex-governor of TN; commander in chief of TX army at battle of San Jacinto; elected president of TX

Santa Anna

dictator of Mexico removed local rights of texans + tried to raise army to suppress rebellion; Austin went to mexico to negotiate differences in slavery, immigration, + local rights, but jailed for 8 months

Lone Star Republic

nickname for TX after it won its independence from mexico; recognized by Jackson before leaving office but wanted admission into union

The Alamo

a spa mission + fort which was where Anna sieged TX forces/army of 200 ppl in 13 days

Battle of San Jacinto

final battle of TX revolution; houston could lure Anna into San Jacinto + then captured & forced him to sign 2 treaties that granted TX independence;' after he was released, he said the agreement was illegal

Urbanization

increase in percentage + # of people living in cities; in 1790, only 2 cities (NY + Philly) had population of 20,000; by 1860, 43 cities + ~300 other places had 5,000 inhabitants; lots of by-products including smelly slums, feeble street lighting, inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, ravenous rats, + improper garbage disposal

Population growth

population continued to double every 25 years cuz of medicine + as Amer moved westward

Irish immigration

1.5+ million ppl immigrated cuz of potato famine in Ireland; poor, so forced to live in cities like Boston + NYc (eventually they became largest Irish cities); scorned by Amer ('proper' Protestants) as they thought they were a social menace

German immigration

1.5 million immigrants; many were farmers; escaped from militarism + war from euro (isolationist sentiment); had liberal political refugees; many had material goods so could push out to midwest + built their farms; they formed influential voter; less powerful cuz more scattered; brought Conestoga wagon, KY rifle, + Christmas tree; supported public schools (kindergarten) + hated slavery; wanted to preserve their language + culture

"Nativists"

amer who opposed immigration; feared that foreign horses would outbreed, outvote, + overwhelm 'native' stocks; Catholicism would rise in ranks (1st in 1850 w/~1.8 million) as more irish/germans in 1840s/50s

"Know-Nothing Party

formed by nativists + known as 'order of the star-spangled banner'; political party in 1850s; anti-Cath + anti-immigrants; aka amer party; derived from secretiveness

Industrial Revolution

transformation from agriculture to industrial nation; wouldn't of been possible w/o immigrants; developed machines to produce textiles + transformed agricultural production & methods of transport/communication

Factory system

system bringing manufacturing steps together in 1 place to increase efficiency; spread from Britain

Samuel Slater

'father of the factory system' in amer + father of movement; brought over british machinery plans to amer; made 1st efficient amer machinery for spinning cotton thread in 1791

Eli Whitney

mechanical genius from MA; graduated from Yale + went to GA + served as priv tutor while studying law; invented cotton gin in 10 days + interchangeable parts

Cotton gin

invented by Whitney in 1793; 50% more effective than hand picking; made cotton profitable in amer; revived slavery

"King Cotton"

name given to S after cotton became dominant agricultural product; slave labor cleared more land for cotton, pushing more west; factories flourished in New Eng

Tariff of 1816

1st protective tariff in amer that helped industry; raised prices of British goods (cheaper + better quality)

Interchangeable parts

created by Whitney; identical pieces could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers; largely adopted in 1850; become basis of modern mass production; helped factories in north flourish

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented telegraph; in 1844, strung wire 40 miles from washington to baltimore + tapped out a message

"Wage slaves"

northern factory workers were kicked out when they were too old to work

Labor unions/strikes

workers formed an organization for better working conditions + wages; forbidden by law

Commonwealth v. Hunt

MA Supreme Court decision declaring labor unions were legal + said their methods were 'honorable/peaceful'; strengthened labor movement (upheld legality of unions)

"Factory girls"

young women employed in factories; worked 6 days a week + labored for long hours in hard conditions; lived away from farms + families; forbidden to form unions + had few opportunities to share discontent over conditions; new level of independence

"Cult of domesticity"

idealized view of women + home; women expected to be selfless caregivers for children + husbands; commanded immense moral power + made decisions that altered family's character

John Deere

invented steel plow, changing farming; steel plow broke soil sharply + effectively; solved problems of thick soil in west; light enough to be pulled by horses

Cyrus McCormick

from VA; invented mechanical mower-reaper to harvest gains (wheat); 1 man = work of 5

Robert Fulton

painter-engineer who installed a steam engine in ship; started steamboat craze; steamboats could charge against current (10 mph vs previous 1 mph); 60 steamboats on MI + tributaries; ~1000 steamboats in 1860