Teas

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume

Mass

The quantity or measurement of matter

Volume

The amount of space something takes up

forms of energy light, heat, sound

What are some things that do not classify as matter

Color, size, volume, density, boiling/melting point, solubility, reactivity, combustibility, and flammability

What are some properties of matter

solid, liquid, gas

What are the 3 forms of matter

Solid

Molecules are tightly packed and don't have much room to move. They vibrate in a fixed place, making the object hard and rigid. Has a definite shape and volume

Liquid

Molecules are spaced out a bit more. They are able to move free and quick. Have a definite volume but take the shape of their containers

Gas

Molecules are even more far apart, they are able to move more free and quicker than liquid. Creates high Kinetic Energy/ has neither a definite shape nor volume

Deposition

When a gas turns into a solid

Sublimation

When a solid turns into a gas

Melting

When a solid becomes a liquid.

Freezing

liquid to solid

vaporizing (evaporating)

changing from a liquid to a gas

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

As temperature increases

atmospheric pressure at sea level decreases

As the temperature decreases

atmospheric pressure increase

melting, vaporization, sublimation

Heating Curve includes

Molecules are absorbing energy (heat) and a decrease in cohesion between molecules

What happens in a heating curve?

the action or fact of forming a united whole

What is cohesion

molecules release energy resulting in a decrease in temperature causing cohesion to increase between the molecules as a result they have no room to room

What happens in a cooling curve

condensation, freezing, deposition

A cooling curve includes

Pure Substance

A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties

Mixture

A material made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not chemically bonded.

Element

cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction.

Compound

is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds.

Homogeneous mixture

The composition is uniform throughout the sample and there are no distinct boundaries (can't be seen easily ex: Salt and Water)

Heterogeneous mixture

The composition varies and there are distinct boundaries (can be seen easily ex: Water and Oil)

Proton

Has a positive charge

Electron

Has a negative charge

Neutron

Contains no charge at all

Nucleus

In the center of every atom contains a

protons and neutrons

What subatomic particles can be found in the Nucleus

Electrons

What subatomic particle can be found outside of the nucleus in the orbitals

Atoms

What do subatomic particles make up?

Elements

What do atoms make up?

Diatomic

Any element that is made up of two atoms in it's natural form

H2, F2, Br2, I2, N2, O2, CI2

What are the 7 Diatomic elements?

Molecule

Consists of 2 or more atoms. It can consist of the same type of atoms or different types of atoms

groups/families

Columns on the periodic table are referred to as

Periods

The rows going on a periodic table are referred to as

Properties of Metals

Shiny Metallic Luster

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* Great Heat and Electrical Conductors
* Ductile (able to be compressed into a thin wire)
* Malleable (Flexible, able to hammer into shape without breaking)
* High Density + Boiling Point
* Forms Positive Ions (Cations)

Properties of Non-Metals

\- Dull Appearance

\- Poor Heat and Electrical Conductor

\- Brittle- easily breaks

\- Low density

\- Low melting + Boiling Point

\- Forms both cations and anions

properties of metalloids

- Have properties of both metals and non-metals

Akali Metals

\- Highly Reactive

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\- Forms Cations with a +1 charge

Alkaline Earth Metals

\- Highly Reactive but not as reactive as Alkali Metals

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\- Forms Cations with a +2 Charge

Halogens

\- Diatomic Elements

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\- Form Anions with a -1 Charge

noble gases

\- Non-Reactive + most stable

\- Inert Gases"

\- Outermost orbit of these noble gas elements are completely filled with electrons

number of protons

What does the atomic number represent?

The average number of protons and neutrons for all natural isotopes of an element.

What does the atomic mass represent?

Mass Number

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom. It is a whole number

Neutral Atoms

- Has the same amount of protons and electrons

atomic mass - atomic number

How to find the amount of Neutrons of an atom?

Atomic Mass

The average number of protons and neutrons for all natural isotopes of an element. It is a decimal number

Ion

An atom with a charge is classified as an

gains or loses electrons

An atom gets a charge when it

Cation

Has more protons than electrons

Anion

Has more electrons than protons

The octet rule states

Elements combine in such a way that each atom has 8 electrons filling their valence shell. In order for this to happen each atom must give up, gain or share electrons.

Noble Gases

The most stable elements, naturally having a full valence shell

they have fewer electrons in their outer shell

metals lose electrons because

they have more electrons in their outer shell

nonmetals gain electrons because

ionic bond

Atoms that form lose or gain electrons (transfer of electrons) occur between a metal and a non-metal

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often between metals (generally loses electrons) and nonmetals (generally tends to gain electrons)

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(Ex: NACI, KCI, CACL2)

covalent bond

atoms that form share electrons (nonmetal + nonmetal)

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Ex: H2O, O2, CO2, C6H12O6

polar covalent bond

When the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is \>0.5 this is called a

nonpolar covalent bond

If the electronegativity is less than 0.5, the covalent bond is called a

Valence Shell

The outermost energy level or "shell" of an atom

Valence electrons

determines the atoms capabilities associated with chemical reactions

How many electrons can fit in energy levels 1-5

2 e-fit on the first energy level

8 e-fit on the second energy level

18 e-fit on the third energy level

32 e-fit on the fourth energy level

Helium which has

In group 8 all elements have 8 valance electrons except

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

What are the 2 factors that affect the size of an atom or the "atomic radii"

1\. The distance of the electron to the proton

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2\. The amount of protons in the nucleus

Attract to each other

Opposite charges

Repel each other

Same charges

Atomic Radii

The size of an atom. It is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost electron

Ionization Energy (IE)

The energy required to remove one or more valence electrons from gaseous atom

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons, to form a chemical bond

Chemical Reaction

the conversion of one or more substances into a completely new substance

The Reactant

The substance that you begin with in an equation is called

The Product

the substance that you end with in an equation is called

combination synthesis reaction

Starting off with 2 or more reactants that combine to make 1 product

decomposition reaction

1 reactant that is broken down into 2 or more products

single-displacement reaction

1 reactant is replaced by another

combustion reaction

A substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat. These reactions must involve O2 as one reactant

The Arrhenius Theory states

\- Acids release hydrogen (H+) ions in a solution

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\- Bases release hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution

Bronsted-Lowry theory states

* States that acids are proton donors

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* States bases are proton acceptors

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Acids

Likely to begin with an H and the H is attached to a non-metal

Bases

Likely to have OH in them or a metal attached to H

hydrochloric acid

a STRONG acid that is found in our stomach and aids in the digestion of proteins

Plasma

A state of matter that is often found in the stars. It is a gas that is ionized, meaning that electrons have been stripped from the atoms

Mole

The unit used to measure the amount of a substance (ex: number of atoms, molecules, or mass of a substance)

Endothermic Reactions

Reactions that absorb heat are called (ex: temperature increases when cooking an egg (heat is absorbed from the pan to cook the egg)

Exothermic Reactions

Reactions that release heat are called (Ex: The concentration of reactants of water vapor into rain releasing energy in the form of heat)

Equilibrium

Rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse action

dynamic equilibrium

When the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same time

static equilibrium

when concentrations of the reactants and products are not changing

activation energy

The minimum amount of energy that is needed for a chemical reaction

Cohesion

The process of a similar molecule surrounding and binding to another molecule

Adhesion

The process of dissimilar molecules binding to another molecule

Solvent

A substance that dissolves in another substances