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Hindsight Bias
The belief that one could have foreseen the outcome of an event, leading to a distorted view of past events and decisions.
Effect Size
A quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon or the magnitude of a difference between groups, indicating practical significance.
Social Desirability Bias
The tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
Falsifiable Hypothesis
A statement that can be proven wrong through observation or experimentation.
Representative Sample
A sample of a population that accurately reflects the characteristics of that population.
Independent Variable
The variable manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effects on the dependent variable.
Overconfidence
The tendency for individuals to have excessive confidence in their answers or beliefs, leading to overestimation of abilities.
Dependent Variable
The variable measured or observed in an experiment to assess the effect of the independent variable.
Double-blind Procedure
A research design in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.
Third Variable Problem
A correlation between two variables that is caused by a third variable.
Single-blind Procedure
A research design in which participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or a placebo.
Operational Definition
The procedures and criteria used to measure or assess a variable, allowing for empirical validation.
Qualitative Research
Research focusing on understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences through non-numerical data.
Self-report Bias
The tendency of individuals to provide inaccurate or misleading information about themselves in surveys or assessments.
Quantitative Research
Research focused on measuring and analyzing numerical data to understand patterns, relationships, or trends.
Generalizability
The extent to which research findings can be applied to settings, populations, or situations beyond the specific study context.
Case Study Method
An in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or event to gather detailed qualitative data.
Reliability
The ability to consistently find similar results when a test is repeatedly administered under similar conditions.
Convenience Sampling
A non-probability sampling method where the sample is selected based on its accessibility and proximity to the researcher.
Statistical Significance
A term indicating whether the difference between groups is likely due to chance or experimental influences.
Meta-Analysis
A statistical technique used to combine and analyze results from multiple independent studies on the same topic.
Standard Deviation
A measure of dispersion or scatter in a data set relative to the central mean value.
