ASI 102 test 3

What does the environment of an animal affect?

The degree to which genetic potential is expressed

Factors affecting animal productivity

Facilities, Manager, Climate, Nutrition, Disease, Breeding

Snakes, fish, etc

Cold Blood/ Exotherms/ Poikilotherms

Populatiry of Poikilotherms

Low maintenance and fit urban lifestyle

All farm animals

Warm Blooded/ Endotherms/ Homeotherms

Formula to maintain a constant body temperature

(Heat produced) + (Heat received) = (Heat Loss)

4 Major Avenues of Heat Gain or Loss

1. Radiation, 2. Conduction 3. Convection, 4. Evaporation

Radiation (Rd)

+ or

Conduction (Cd)

+ or

Convection (Cv)

+ or

Evaporation (Ev)

Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)

The range of temperatures where an animal is comfortable (neither too hot or too cold)

Methods to control cold stress

Windbreaks, increase energy intake, heated buildings

Methods to control heat stress

shade, evaporative cooling systems, refrigerated cooling, proper ventilation

Seed Stock Producers

Registered Breeders, 2% of total producers, less economically driven and more genetic based

Commercial Producers

Cross breeding, economcially driven, produce offspring for the production of meat

Cheap Gains

low energy feeds, roughages, pastures, crop residue, very minimal concentrates

Stocker

Feeder

Feeding for Slaughter

Feeding for Production

Various types of feed for max production

Feeding for Maintenance

No weight gain or loss, maintenance of body tissues, main use in mature horses

Sell on Live Weight

One price for all, cash market

Sell in Carcass

based on dressing %

Formula or grid pricing

target goals to meet in the market, bonuses or discounts outside of the grid

Buying Station

Dealers (pinhookers)

Operate on their own to buy and sell animals for a profit, often have a bad reputation in the industry, buy mismanaged animals, resortst the mistmatched animals and resell them

Order Buyers

Person who buys feeder cattle on order for cattle feeders.

Video/ Online

buyers bid competitively via internet or some social media platform

Futures

Market of Anticipation

Outlook

Prospect for future market

Strong or firm

buyer confidence

Active

good demand

steady

no trends

unsettled

buyer unsettled

weak

price decline

higher

price increase

Going from Live to carcass to retail

Price Per Pound Increases

Ram

intact male sheep

Buck

intact male goat

Wether

castrated male sheep or goat

Ewe

female sheep

Doe

female goat

Lambing jug

pen to bond lamb to mother

Ovis Aries (Ovine)

sheep

Sheep Populatiry

easily domesticated, live entirely on forage, gregarious, used for meat, wool, milk, skins, and tallow

gregarious

flocking instinct

Unique Sheep characteristics

universally timid, defenseless, least intelligent

Merino breed

spain, finest wool, could not be exported, ran in large bands

Band

2000 plus head

England Sheep Use

Wool as income, coarser than spanish, ran in small bands, 1500s started breeding for meat

America Sheep History

1st arrived on Columbus's 2nd voyage in 1493, until 1850 more sheep than cattle, range wars

Reasons for sheep decline in US

Low per capita meat consumption (1.1 lb/yr), low wool prices, lack of suitable labor, problems with predators, insufficient slaughtering and marketing infrastructure, not in fast food restaurant trade, meat price, definitely hurt by covid 19

Classification of Sheep

1. long tailed

Long tailed

common to US

Short tailed

Marsh land of N. Europe

Fat tailed

Mid East Karakul

Fat rumped

Asia

Ewe Breeds

reproductive efficiency (time of breeding

Ram breeds

growth rate

Hair Sheep

Growth in populatiry due to cost of shearing and low wool price, Examples are Katahdin, Dorper, St. Croix

Sheep Reproduction

Puberty 7

Sheep Breeding

short day breeders (April to July)

Average Lambing Rate

120%

Finnish, Landrace, or Finnsheep

3

Sheep Nutrition

Ruminant, can live entirely on forage, complementary in cattle grazing rangeland, efficient use of good or poor quality forages

Capra circus (Caprine)

Goat

Mohair

Angora, Asia, Ave. staple length of 12 to 15 cm

Milk

Saanen and Nubian

Saanen

Switzerland, 3

Nubain

Africa 4

Meat

Boer and Spanish

Boer

South Africa

Spanish (Brush) Goat

Established in US, Unknown ancestry

Goat Nutrition

Ruminant, can live entirely on forage

Meat Goat Meat

leaner than other red meat, directed towards ethnic populations

Cabrito

goat meat marketed at 2 to 3 weeks of age

Chevno

goats marked around weaning or 4

Chick

young bird

Hen

mature female

Cock

mature male

Pullet

young female

Cockerel

young male

Capon

castrated male

Poult

young turkey

Tom

mature male turkey

Egg Laying

Done for reproductive purposes, wild birds are seasonal layers, domesticated chickens lay year round

Oviposition

to lay an egg

Male

testes located inside the body, sperm lives for days in female tract

Cloaca

copulatory organ in the male, common passageway for urine and feces in the chicken

Hen one fuctional ovary

the left

Hen Reproduction

series of follicles or eggs from one ready to release down to many microscopic, one follicle ovulated/day next to move up in size

Chicken Incubation Time

21 Days

Turkey Incubation Time

28 days

Duck

28 days

Geese

30 days

Have advantage in energy savings but are limited where and when they live

Can tolerate vast differences in environments

high energy rations

high concentrate

produce desirable carcass