ap euro timeline

1453

Hundred Years War ends

1455

Invention of The Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg

1492

Columbus Voyage to new World

1517

Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther

1555

Peace Treaty of Augsburg between Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League, making the end of religious warfare in Germany

1572

St. Bartholomews day massacre

1598

Edict of Nante granting religious freedom to Huguenots and ended the wars of religion and the massacre

1600

Establishment of the Dutch East India Company

1643-1715

Louis XIVs reign in France, centralizing power by establishing a highly centralized bureaucracy and system of loyalty to the king, Also weakening power of nobility and promoting economic growth

1648

Signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, ending the thirty years war and establishing the principle of state sovereignty

1688

Glorious Revolution in England, triggered by the fear of Catholic succession to the English throne, having a significant impact on English politics and society. It established the principle of parliamentary sovereignty and limited power of the monarch, William of Orange, James II’s flight

1688 2nd

Enactment of the English Bill of Rights, established the supremacy of parliament over the monarch and guaranteed certain rights the the English citizens, such as the right to bear arms and the right to fair trial.

1756-1763

The Seven Years War, fought between two alliances: The kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, and Hanover giants the Kingdom of France, Austria, Russia.

1763

End of the Seven Years War with The Treaty of Paris, saw Britain emerge as the dominant colonial power

1776

Start of the American revolutionary war, a political upheaval during which the 13 American colonies broke away from British rule and formed the United States of America

1789-1799

Era of the French Revolution

1799

Rise of the Napoleon Bonaparte, the first console of France in 1799 later declared himself emperor in 1804 of Europe and implemented a series of reforms known as the Napoleonic code defeated in 1815 at the battle of Waterloo and exiled to the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821

1815

Congress of Vienna at the age Of Metternich It’s most tourist stability in order to Europe after the upheaval of the French revolution of Napoleonic wars, the Congress establish a new balance of power in Europe that lasted until the outbreak of World War I

1848

Spread of liberal revolutions

1861

Italy’s unification led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camila de Cavour, and Victor Emmanuel II. Had a significant impact on European politics and pay the way for the rise of the Italian nationalism

1861 2nd

emancipation of serfs in Russia

1871

Germany’s unification, auto von Bismarck goal was to unify Germany under pression leadership, Willhem I of prussia became the first German emperor, Germany became an industrial and military powerhouse leading to the tensions with other European powers

1884

Berlin conference in the scramble for Africa

1905

Russian revolution

1914–1918

World War I, causes: imperialism, nationalism, military ism, alliances, assassination of archduke. Military advancements: tanks, poison, gas, airplanes, machine guns, submarines, trench warfare.

1917

Bulshivek revolution, response to the widespread poverty, inequality and political repression. The Russian government responded to this growing unrest with repression, censorship, and political persecution.

1918

Treaty of Versailles Marks World War I end, Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for the war and pay for reparations to the allies, led to the redrawing of national borders and creation of new countries, the league of nation was established to prevent future wars, but it ultimately failed to do so.

1929

The great depression begins with stock market crash, causes: stock market crash in 1929, bank, failures, overproduction, protectionism. Impact in Europe: unemployment, political instability, economic decline, rise of extremism

1939-1945

World War II in Europe, the allies emerged, victorious, Germany, and Japan surrender in 1945

1945

Establishment of the United Nations, replaced the ineffective league of nations

1949

Formation of NATO

1957

Launch of Sputnik

1961

Construction of the Berlin wall, the Soviet Union built to wall to separate east and West Berlin, symbolizing the division of Europe, symbolized end of Cold War

1989

Fall of Berlin wall

1991

Soviet Union collapse

1992

Creation of Maastricht treaty and the European Union

1999

Introduction of the European currency, the euro

2000

Vladimir Putin‘s election as president of Russia