Anatomy (H) Chapter 3

Tissues and Cell Membranes

Plasma Membrane

Double Phospholipid layer (Hydrophobic tails) (Hydroliphic heads) Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

Tight junctions

Impermeable, binds cells together into leakproof sheets

desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

gap junctions

allow communication between cells

Selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Membrane trasnport

Movement in and out of the cells

Passive transport

No energy is required

Active transport

cell must provide energy to us (ATP)

Diffusion

From high to low concentration (passive)

simple diffusion

unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane

osmosis (passive)

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane or through channel proteins

Facilitated diffusion

Require protein channel but no ATP, transprts lipid insoluble and large subtsances

Filtration

water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

vesicular transport

Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Endocytosis

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

phagocytosis

Cell eating

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Four types of tissue

Epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissue (Location)

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out (Including glands)

Epithelial Tissue (function)

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

epithelial tissue characteristics

fit close and form sheets, avascular, rests on basement membrane, regenerate easily if well nourished, apicla surface is the free surface

Simple

One layer of cells

Stratified

multiple layers

Sqaumous

Flat

Cuboidal

cube shaped

columnar

column shaped

Simple Sqamous Epithelium

Location - usually forms membranes, lines body cavities, lines lungs and capillaries, diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes

simple cuboidal epithelium

common in glands and their ducts, forms walls of kidney tubules, covers the ovaries. Functions in secretion and absorption

simple columnar epithelium

often includes mucus producing goblet cells, lines digestive track. Functions in secretion and absorption. Functions in secretion and absorption

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

conatins different sized columnar cells, all cells rest on basement membrane, location respitory tract. functions in absorption and secretion.

stratified squamous epithelium

apical surface cells are flattened, functions as protective covering where friction is most common. locations, lining of skin, mouth, esophagus

stratified cuboidal epithelium (Rare in human body, found mainly in ducts of large glands)

two layers of cuboidal cells, functions as protection

stratified columnar epithelium (Rare in human body, found mainly in ducts of large glands)

surfaces cells are columnar underneath cells vary in size and shape, function in protection.

Transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

Gland

one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product, secretions contain protein molecules in a aqueous fluid

endocrine gland

ductless, since secretions diffuse into blood cells all secretions are hormones

exocrine gland

Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

Include sweat and oil glands

Connective tissue

Found everywhere in the body / Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues / Functions: Binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection

Bone (osseous tissue)

connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals Supports the body

Hyaline Cartilidge

most common type of cartilidge, rubbery matrix and collagen fibers, larynx, end of bones to pevent friction where they connect

elastic cartilidge

provides elasticity, external ear

fibrocartilidge

highly compressible, between vertabrae acts as cushions

dense fibrous tissue

tendons and ligaments and dermis, flexibal but not elastic

tendons

attaches skeletal msucle to bone

ligaments

attach bone to to bone at joints

dermis

lower level of skin

aerolar tissue

packing tissue contains all fiber types can saok up extra fluids

adipose tissue

fatty tissue protects organs insulates body serves as site of fuel storage

reticular

spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

vasuclar tissue

transport vehicle for materials, fibers are visible during clotting

Muscle Tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary, multinucleated

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, striated

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body spindle shaped cells

nervous tissue

composed of neurons and nerve support cells (neuroglia)

Regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

fibrosis

the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury.

inflammation

blood rushes to site of injury

granulation

new capilliaries are formed

tissues that regenerate easily

epithelial tissue, fibrous connective tissue and bone

tissues that regenerate poorly

skeletal muscle

tissues that are replaced with scar tissue

cardiac muscle and nervous tissue