Finalized Test 2 Study

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59 Terms

1

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

States that emotions are derived from physiological responses and cognitively interpreted to create emotional experience.

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2

Excitation transfer theory

Proposes that physiological arousal from one event can intensify emotional responses to a subsequent event.

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3

Limbic system

The brain system activated in babies when they hear sad or distressing sounds, particularly the amygdala.

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4

Amygdala

A brain region that plays a critical role in processing emotions, especially fear and pleasure.

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5

Cross-cultural research on emotions

Indicates that while there are universal emotions, their experience and expression vary greatly across cultures.

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6

Factors associated with aggression

Includes exposure to violent media, frustration, substance abuse, and societal norms supporting aggression.

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7

Paul Rozin’s research

Shows that disgust evolves from basic aversions and has significant implications for health and social interactions.

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8

Behavioral immune system

Psychological processes to avoid disease, which relate to purity and prejudice.

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9

Guilt in the brain

Processed primarily in the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.

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10

Hedonic treadmill

The tendency of humans to quickly return to a stable level of happiness regardless of life changes.

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11

Longitudinal stability of happiness

Research shows that happiness remains relatively stable over time with consistent individual differences.

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12

Variance in happiness

Most of the variance in happiness is explained by genetic predispositions and life circumstances.

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13

Emotional well-being and income

Income correlates with emotional well-being but has diminishing returns once basic needs are met.

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14

Relative deprivation

The perception of being worse off than others, negatively affecting well-being.

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15

Depressive realism

The clarity of perception during low mood that may lead to more accurate judgments.

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16

Ways to elevate mood

Include physical exercise, practicing gratitude, and engaging in social interactions.

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17

Broaden-and-build theory

Suggests positive emotions broaden thought processes and build resources over time.

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18

Attitudes

Evaluations of people, objects, or ideas that can be positive, negative, or neutral.

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19

Automatic vs. deliberate attitudes

Automatic attitudes are unconscious and fast, while deliberate attitudes are conscious and considered.

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20

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Measures automatic associations between concepts in our minds, relevant to issues like racism.

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21

Negativity bias

The phenomenon where negative information has a greater impact than positive information.

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22

Mere exposure effect

The tendency to prefer familiar things, acting positively unless initial exposure was negative.

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23

Classical conditioning

Shapes attitudes by associating a neutral stimulus with positive or negative responses.

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24

Selective exposure

The tendency to favor information that aligns with existing beliefs while avoiding contradictions.

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25

Cognitive dissonance theory

Suggests discomfort arises from conflicting beliefs, prompting changes to resolve dissonance.

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26

Post-decision dissonance

Feelings of regret or doubt following a decision, prompting emphasis on positives of the chosen option.

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27

Effort justification

Attributing greater value to outcomes requiring significant effort, thus justifying the effort.

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28

Attitude polarization

The phenomenon where attitudes become more extreme after exposure to supporting information.

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29

Shattered assumptions

Breakdown of beliefs after trauma leading to a perceived victimhood identity.

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30

Cognitive coping

Using thought processes to manage stress and emotional responses to tough situations.

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31

Major types of social conformity

Normative social influence causes public compliance; informational social influence leads to private acceptance.

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32

Asch's work on normative influence

Showed individuals conform to group opinions even when incorrect, influenced by group size and unanimous agreement.

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33

Deviant dissenter response

Groups may pressure, ostracize, or value the unique perspective of a dissenter.

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34

Situations increasing informational influence

Ambiguous situations, crises, or when others are perceived as experts increase susceptibility.

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35

Pluralistic ignorance

When individuals believe their feelings differ from the group's, leading to collective inaction.

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36

Foot-in-the-door technique

Starts with a small request followed by a larger one, increasing compliance likelihood.

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37

Labeling technique

Assigning a label to someone to encourage behavior consistent with the label.

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38

Source credibility factors

Expertise, trustworthiness, and reliability are important when evaluating source credibility.

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39

Halo effect

A cognitive bias where a positive impression in one area influences evaluations in other areas.

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40

Effective persuasive messages

Clear messaging, emotional appeal, and repetition increase effectiveness; scare tactics may require a solution.

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41

Intelligence and persuasion

Higher intelligence may reduce susceptibility to superficial tactics; those with high need for cognition prefer strong, logical arguments.

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42

Elaboration likelihood model

Posits two routes to persuasion: central route (deep processing) and peripheral route (superficial cues).

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43

Infants' moral intuitions

Infants show a preference for pro-social characters, indicating innate moral inclinations.

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44

Egoistic vs altruistic helping

Egoistic helping benefits oneself, while altruistic helping benefits others without expectation of gain.

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45

Kin selection

Theory suggesting behaviors that help genetic relatives are favored by natural selection.

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46

Proximate explanations for helping

Includes empathy, social norms, and moral obligations.

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47

Reciprocal altruism

Behavior where one helps another with the expectation of future help, with direct or indirect reciprocity.

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48

Prisoner's dilemma

A situation where individuals must decide to cooperate or defect, with defection being the logical choice.

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49

Factors increasing cooperation

Trust, clear communication, repeated interactions, and encouraging social norms enhance cooperation.

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50

Tit for tat strategy

In the iterated prisoner's dilemma, it cooperates first and mimics the opponent's previous move.

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51

Altruistic punishment

Punishing norm violators at a personal cost to promote cooperation.

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52

Under-benefited vs over-benefited

Under-benefited is receiving less than deserved; over-benefited is receiving more than deserved.

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53

Monkeys and unfairness

Monkeys react negatively to being under-benefited, showing distress when receiving less desirable rewards.

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54

Human reaction to unfairness

Humans react negatively to unfairness, often exhibiting aggression or withdrawal.

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55

Moral intuitions

Quick, emotional responses to moral dilemmas; exemplified by the trolley problem.

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56

Haidt's moral foundations theory

Moral reasoning is based on care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity; differs between liberals and conservatives.

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57

Factors influencing helping behavior

Similarity, mood, gender, and attractiveness affect the likelihood of helping.

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58

Five steps to bystander helping

  1. Notice, 2) Interpret as emergency, 3) Take responsibility, 4) Decide how to help, 5) Implement help.

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59

Good Samaritan study findings

Situational factors, like time pressure, influence helping behavior, showing moral intent may falter under stress.

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