ID definitions and significances midterm(worldhistory)

Eurocentrism

through a European view, the perspective that places Europe and colonies in America at the center of every story, leading the way for many changes, its what defines us

Mercator Projection

a map created in the 16th century showing the world map but is distorted a lot with the continents ratios being wrong. map to aide Europeans, map of the whole world, pretty accurate (shape-wise). *This map outlives the original purpose (sailing and navigating)

Zheng He

He was Muslim and took up Islamic teachings. He was raised in the army and rose through the ranks to become a general. He then voyaged across the known land to spread China's glory and the Ming Emperor's dominance and collect tribute (gifts). Built a huge fleet. Did not want to see Africa because considered China as center of world

The three teaching's

the main beliefs in China:

-Buddhism is to focus on your own wellbeing and others
-Daoism emphasizes is the balance between the universe, our society, ourselves and nature
-Confucianism is a set of beliefs that respects one's elders, family, duties, ancestors.

the Mandate of Heaven

the belief that the emperor has connection to cosmic power and is responsible for the real world and the cosmic world. Chinese political ideology that was used in Ancient China and Imperial China to legitimize the rule of the king or emperor of China

Tenochtitlan

The first massive city built in The Valley of Mexico where the Aztecs live. Served as an empire and was in the center of their map. Spread to central Mexico - dimplomacy. They wanted tribute. Were a commplex society

Teotl

the spiritual belief in a substance known as the life forces. It was believed to be in all living things. The Aztecs performed sacrificial rituals to keep it flowing, balanced, and circulating.

Dhimmi

a system where the Islamic people and the empires will provide protection to other religious minorities as long as they pay a tax. *allowed for relative freedom of religion in the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed ll (1432-1481)

the leader of the Ottoman Empire who expanded in the Mediterranean and brought the fall of Constantinople. They had a strong army and attacked the walls of Constantine. They used cannons to destroy walls. The battle lasted 2 months. Constantine refused to surrender to Mehmed II. Took over Constantinople and replaced *CHURCHES with MOSS.

Silk Road

it's a trade route from East Asia to the East of the Mediterranean Sea. items traded were silk, spices, cloth, rice, etc. interconnected routes served as a vehicle for the fruitful exchange of arts, religion, cultures, ideas, and technology.

Dum Diversas

a piece of writing says that Christians are allowed to enslave non-Christians and try to convert them. While divided, until divided, refers to a decree from the Pope to Spain and Portugal, a Papal blessing to enslave non-Christian people. Enslave indigenous people, then Africans, which led to the trans-Atlantic slave trade

Mansa Musa

an African emperor of Mali who is the wealthiest person of all time. The Portuguese came to Africa because he was rich >_< and had much gold, which was abundant in Africa. His pilgrimage to Mecca brought wealth and power to Mali and the rest of the Mediterranean. * This strengthened the Mali Empire's position and spread the influence of Islam

Madeira

an island on the west coast of Africa used for experimenting with crops and began the slave trade. *sugar was grown mostly

La Noche Triste

the day the Aztec leader Montezuma ll died (from a rock hitting his head or the Spanish killed him), the Spanish were driven out of the city, losing many men, but some survived. showed the Aztecs the year the Spaniards could be beaten, galvanized Aztecs support, drove Cortez and his men to native outlines, *Cortez could gain many allies to attack Tonoctalan

Malintzin

referred to Maliche, a local tribe women sold to Cortez as a translator: could speak to Aztecs & Spanish making it possible to communicate & a key player in the fall of the Aztecs either by choice or forced

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

A treaty created by the pope (Pope Alexander VI). It created a line between the Atlantic and divided the New World into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence. Spain claimed North and South America. Spain claimed the west of the line, and Portugal claimed the east of the line.

The Great Dying

millions of indigenous Americans killed by diseases (ex: small pox) from Europe in a span of a couple years potentially causing a little ice age. Populations also depleted from the hands of Columbus and his men

"Revenge of the Americas"

an American disease known as syphilis that spread into Europe as payback for spreading smallpox, malaria, and more and for abusing indigenous women.

Casado

a system where the Portuguese men married local women to connect them together and convince the non-Europeans that they were like family; it was a lie to convert and spread Christianity. The idea was to convert wives and children to Christianity. *main intention was to spread Christianity

"Gunpowder empire"

3 Islamic empires, the Ottomans (Sunni), Safavids (Shi'a), and Mughals (Sunni), were wealthy with the Silk Road and had gunpowder to create powerful weapons (cannons and guns). Their military was able to advance and grow through the use of gunpowder and advanced artillery, revolutionizing warfare

Society of Jesus

(Jesuits) Catholic order group of priests whose mission is to fight against the Protestants who left and convert people to Catholicism. Highlighted the issues with the protestant-catholic split

The "Single whip"

a law passed to make silver the only currency to pay taxes. China does not have a lot of silver, no native source, from the Americas the Spanish traded a lot with Europeans and helped kick start global trade

Valladolid debate

There was a debate in the city within Spain discussing whether it was right to enslave the indigenous Americans. It was believed that they could enslave "non-Christians" and were allowed to enslave who they were converting. Claims that they protected indigenous from slavery but did not and made Indigenous people mine for silver. They started liking Africans for labor more and focused more on enslaving them.

Brouwer Route

A route where, instead of following the coast, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) kept going south to get strong winds that created harsh currents so they could travel faster. They got to the Southeast Asia very quickly

Joint-stock company

The Dutch gathered many investors to provide a small fund to sponsor voyages, which mitigated risks. Created the stock exchange
Ex: Dutch East India Company (VOC).

Little Ice Age

Global temperature is low by 1.5 Fahrenheit between 16th and early 19th century. Occured because of less population -> more trees -> more CO2 absorbed -> less heat in atmosphere

Thirty years' war

a war that is deciding who should be the leader in the Holy Roman Empire which started by throwing 2 people out the window. A 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties (resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict.)

Tokugawa Shogunate

Military government. Ruling emperor, but the shogun deals with politics. Little Ice Age: Mandated to grow only rice. People who made rice wine (sake) would have to start eating the rice. Prevented crop failure and cut the rest of the world off. Banned books of Christianity and European influence. EXCEPTION: Dutch East India trade because they did not want to spread Christianity but wanted business.

Anti-amalgamation laws

a law that distinguish white & non-white, slave & free & more meaning religion no longer have a use, it's based on skin color. the first laws that define race and racial relationships, used to prevent interracial marriages in the inner northern colonies

Coffeehouses

Coffeehouses were a central location for social gatherings of politics, business, science, current issues, and a general exchange of information. People congregated as coffee became the main drink, leading to more slavery and enlightened discussions about business and religion.

The grand embassy

Peter the Great (ruler of Russia) took a tour (a giant diplomatic mission) in Western Europe to learn about their lifestyle and how successful they are with trade, their culture, military, fashion, and technology. He brought back these ideas to Russia

Russia academy of sciences

A scientific lab study, reading, and resource center to obtain scientific progress. Acted as a university. Wanted to modernize science. *Peter the Great witnessed Europe's how science and technology advancements were strong in Europe and wanted Russia to make the same progress. This MODERNIZED Russia.

The "sick man of Europe"

The Ottoman Empire began to decline in the late 17th century, symbolizing Ottoman decline and the rise of Western Europe. *Decline of an imposing empire with huge religious influence

Social contract

a political book (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) about building a government, the people should come together to decide their society, who leads them, and change them if problems occur. Instead of power in the king chosen by gods, it is power to the people where they decide *Made religion an unimportant aspect to government

Battle of Plassey (1757)

A battle between the Britain East India Company and the French with the Mughals (who controlled most of India). Robert Clive bought off the generals of the Mughals to back down, and they would be rewarded, to which they agreed. The majority of the army left, and the rest were killed, making the company victorious and taking control of India.

Diwani

a written agreement granting the British East India Company the right to tax citizens on behalf of the British empire, which they kept to strengthen their own control. Was the right to collect revenue and handle administration of a region.

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

the slogan of the French Revolution symbolizes the Enlightenment era, what they were originally striving for *Enlightenment belief that the French Revolution goes against their government to strive for freedom

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. Was a former slave

Separate spheres

enlightenment idea about gender ideas, one public and one domestic. Public is for men (politics, trade), domestic for women (staying at home, taking care of domestic home) *reinforced gender roles in Europe but exported all over the world

Tips for essay

HINT:
-big picture concepts in course
-(religion vs race) the spread of enslavement and how it moved from religion to race and how enlightenment ideas impacted it
-Religion, Race, Gender, Globalization, or Modernization, Bodies
INCLUDE:
-intro
-thesis
-1-3 body paragraphs
-brief conclusion (1-2 sentences)
READINGS:
-can reference all readings
-paraphrase
ex: According to Montaigne,...