9B Vocab Quiz

African food crops

Rice, okra, red beans, bananas, plantains, yams and more were brought aboard slave ships from Africa to Americas, shaping American cuisine and agriculture

American food crops

Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted from the diversity of new American food crops like corn (maize), potato, cassava - their pop. grew tremendously.

Columbian Exchange

Biological exchange initiated by Columbus's 1492 voyage transferring plants, animals, diseases, humans from East to West Hemisphere and vice versa

Demographic

Refers to structure of population; the C.E. led to demographic / in Native Am. pop b/c disease, but 1 in Afro-Eurasia due to introduction of American food crops

Little Ice Age

From 14m c.-1.9hc. there was decrease in mean temp., possibly caused by decrease in Native Am. pop: → drought, famine, A agricultural practices & migration

Livestock

Pigs, cattle, sheep brought by Europeans to Americas → increased food supply but changed the environment through grazing needs, leading to deforestation

Horses

Brought by Europeans to Am., transformed some native Am. societies from agricultural to nomadic (i.e. Plains), led to | buffalo but 1 transportation efficiency

Smallpox

The principal disease that was introduced by Europeans to the Americas which devastated the Native Am. pop, decreasing pop. 50-90% depending on location

African Diaspora

Mass dispersion-by force-of people of African ancestry from their homeland in Africa due to the Atlantic (and other) slave trades → global spread of Afr. culture

Atlantic System

Trade network(s) connecting Atl, world starting 16 c.; raw materials traded Am Euro, manufactured goods Euro → Africa, enslaved people from Africa → Am

Asante

c, 1700: powerful W. African state (modern day Ghana) made up of confederation of chieftains loyal to single ruler, a prominent slave-trading power in 18* c.

Cash crop

Profitable commodities like sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, were almost exclusively cultivated on large-scale plantations by African slave labor in the Americas

Gender imbalance

Males preferred for heavy plantation & mining labor in Am, leading to 2x more men kidnapped into Am. slavery than women → more women remaining in Africa

"Gun-slave cycle"

Europeans often exchanged weapons for captive slaves in Africa, prompting wars to gain captives to sell as slaves, but also purchase of fire arms for protection

Kingdom of Kongo

Largest kingdom in C. Africa where Portuguese 1 arrived in 1483, dev. relationship w/ Ptg. leadership converted to Catholicism & helped facilitate slave trade

Middle Passage

Trans-Atlantic journey endured by -20 mill enslaved African peoples: conditions atrocious: chains, disease, dehydration, abuse → high death toll + rebellions

Trans Atlantic slave trade

-20 mill. Africans violently taken from their homes to across Middle Passage to slavery in Am., lasted 16*.19% c.: -50% died between capture and Am. arrival

Chattel slavery

Form of coerced labor: humans regarded as property to be bought and sold: distinct from earlier slavery b/c race-based and slave status inherited by children

Deforestation

European colonization of Am. → massive deforestation to create grazing area. plantations, large-scale agriculture and settlements → led to soil depletion

Hacienda

In Spanish, 'large estate,' owned by peninsular or creole elites (or Catholic Church), and worked by Native ppl under various levels of coercion to produce crops

Encomienda

Grants of native Americans given to Spanish colonial overlords (encomenderos) for agricultural labor but also for "protection" and instruction in Christian faith

Indentured servitude

Form of semi-coerced labor used 17t -18m c. by Br. to recruit Br. & Irish labor to cultivate sugar & tobacco in Am. colonies for 7.yr contracts; replaced by slavery

Mercantilism

European economic theory arguing a country should acquire colonies for raw materials & export more goods than importing → increased rivalries & imperialism

Mita

Inca tribute labor system adopted by Sp, required 200+ Native Am. communities to send 1/7 of adult pop. to work in silver mines, began 1573, lasted 250 yrs.

Repartamiento

Compulsory labor drafts to which native Am were subjected; used in New Spain (colonial Mexico) to supply labor for silver mines

African musical influence

Instruments like drums, guitar, banjo originated in Africa, introduced to Am. by enslaved peoples; these along w/ rhythms & dance greatly influenced Am. music

Casta system

Race-based social hierarchy in 17m + 18 c. Sp. Am., classified mixed race peoples based on ethnic background, privileging those with more European ancestry

witnole counter keromiation

Period of Catholic resurgence starting 1545 initiated by Prot. Ref., goal = preserve power of Catholic Ch → Inquisition, est. Jesuits, war & exile of Protestants

Protestant Reformation

1517: German priest Martin Luther posted Ninety-five Theses, criticizing corruption of Catholic Ch and challenged pope's authority → division & warfare in Euro.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Patron saint of Mexico emerged 16thc.; ex. of religious syncretism fusing pre-Columbian Aztec deity w/ Catholic Virgin Mary in context of Sp. conversion efforts

Vodou vodun

Originated in W. Africa, was practiced by enslaved Africans in Caribbean, in context of colonial attempts to suppress Afr. religions, it was blended w/ Catholicism

Audiencias

Court system in Sp. Am, est, to bring area under royal control, had judicial & some legislative power, worked w/ viceroys to administer their region (12 total)