Exam II

Chapters 6, 7, 8 (Skin, Muscle, Skeletal)

What is the first hardest substance in the body?

enamel

What are osteoblasts?

cells that produce bone

What are osteocytes?

bone cells

What are osteoclasts?

breaks down damaged/old bone cells

How do bones get their blood supply?

canaliculi

What are the five functions of bone?

1. Support body movements

2. Protect vital organs

3. Leverage to move body

4. Storage for minerals

5. Blood Cell Formation in bone marrow

What is calcitonin secreted by?

thyroid gland

What does Calcitonin encourage?

calcium to be deposited into bones

Where is the parathyroid released from?

parathyroid glands

What happens when calcium levels within the blood are too HIGH?

1. calcitonin encourages calcium to deposits into the bones through osteoblasts

2. inhibits bone reabsorption by osteoclasts

3. increases amount of calcium excreted by kidneys into urine

What happens when calcium levels within the blood are too LOW?

1. parathyroid inhibits calcium deposition into bone by osteoblasts

2. encourages osteoclasts to withdraw calcium from bones

3. decreases amount excreted from kidneys into urine

What are the two types of bones?

cancellous, compact

What is the function of Cancellous Bone?

stands up to forces the bone is subjected to

What is the function of Compact Bone?

makes up the shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones

What is the haversian system?

bone systems that run to the bone and consists of ossified bone matrix

What does the haversian canal contain?

blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

What does the periosteum cover?

outer surfaces of the bones

What does the endosteum line?

hollow interior surfaces of bones

The Volkmann’s Canal is found in __ bones while the Haversian Canal is only found in __ bones.

all, compact

What is Endochondral Bone Formation?

process of growing bones before birth

What is the difference between the primary and secondary growth centers?

primary deals with cartilage, secondary deals with bones

What are growth plates called and where are they located?

epiphyseal plates, between or ends of bones

What allows long bones to lengthen as the animal grows?

epiphyseal plates

What are the types of bone marrow?

red, yellow

What are articular surfaces?

smooth areas of compact bones, joint surfaces

__ are large, round cylindrical shaped located on the distal ends of the humorous/femur.

Condyles

The __ form the ball portion of shoulder/hip joints and found at the end of long bones.

Head

The __ has a flat articular surface and is found on many bones.

Facet

__ includes all lumps, bumps and other projections on the bone.

Processes

Processes within the bone helps figure out the bone’s

movement, power, direction

What is a hole in the bone called?

Foramen

Depressed and sunken areas on the surfaces of bones are called __.

Fossa

The Axial Skeleton consists of what?

bones of the head/trunk

The appendicular skeleton includes what?

bones of limbs

Openis, Oscordis, Osrostris

canine, cattle, swine

What are the three types of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Fibrous joints are __ while cartilaginous and synovial joints are capable of __.

immovable, movement

Where can the synovial joints be located at?

shoulder/stifle joint

What produces synovial fluid?

synovial membranes

What are the four types of synovial joints?

Hinge, gilding, pivot, ball/socket joints

What two hormones regulate calcium levels?

calcitonin, parathyroid

What are three things that are required in the optimal healing process?

1. alignment

2. immobilization

3. time

What are the 5 steps in the basic healing process?

1. Hemorrhage will occur at the site

2. Clotting occurs and forms a fractured hematoma

3. A callus is formed to bridge the gap

4. The callus is mineralized and the fracture heals

5. The body will then over time and remodel the bone

What are the four basic tissues of the body?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the four common characteristics of muscle cells?

1. excitability

2. contractability

3. extensibility

4. elasticity

What are the three primary functions of muscles in the body?

1. provide motion

2. maintain posture

3. generate heat

What are the three types of muscles that make up the muscular system?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What does cruise control mean in terms of skeletal muscle?

skeletal muscles run without consciousness

Tendons are __ and rope-like, while aponeurosis are __ sheets.

tough, thin/delicate

What is the prominent aponeurosis?

linea alba

What is the common site for surgical entry called?

linea alba

The origin of a muscle has __ movement, while the insertion of the muscle has __ movement.

less, more

What is one of the skeletal muscle attachments called?

origin of the muscle

Single muscle contractions are called a __.

twitch

What is the importance of knowing the origin of a muscle and the insertion of a muscle?

predicts action of muscles

What is the prime mover also called?

agonist

__ contracts at the same time as an agonist contracts and assists in carrying out its action.

synergist

How are muscles named?

1. Action (function)

2. Shape

3. Location

4. Direction of fibers

5. Number of heads/divisions

What is the all or nothing principle of individual muscle fiber contractions?

all of the muscle fibers contract or none of the muscle fibers contract

Which muscle tissue is found in the connective tissue and has no to very little attachment to the bone?

cutaneous muscle

What are four layers found in the abdominal muscles?

1. external

2. rectus

3. internal

4. transversal

What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

1. assist in urinating/defecating, regurgitation, vomiting

2. flexing

3. respiration

Where can abdominal muscles be found?

organs, back

What system predicts how large/powerful the movements need to be and sends nerve impulses to muscle fibers?

Nervous system

What is myoglobin?

stores/releases large quantities of oxygen

Why does an animal breath heavily after a heavy exercise?

replaces oxygen both the amount lost and the amount needed

Anaerobic metabolism results in lactic acid which accumulates and causes…

discomfort/burning sensation, muscle cramps

What is the most heat generating mechanism that the body uses?

muscular activity

How does the body increase body temperature?

producing small muscle contractions (shivering)

Why is knowing how to generate heat and how the body regulates heat important when dealing with animals in surgery?

muscles are unable to maintain temperature normally while sedated

Cardiac cells contract with __ external stimulation and the contractions are rapid and wavelike.

no

What are the functions of the intercalated discs?

allows muscles to contract in coordinated manner

What is the “Pacemaker” of the heart?

SA node (sinoatrial node)

Where is the SA node located?

right atrium

What are the effects of a cardiac muscle’s nerve supply on its functioning?

-modifies activity

-does NOT initiate

-controlled

What determines how fast a heart beats?

nervous systems (PNS/SNS)

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart to beat __ and __.

harder, faster

The peripheral nervous system stimulates the heart to beat __ and with __.

slowly, less force

Where is the cutaneous muscle located in?

connective tissue

What is the importance of the cutaneous muscle?

provides no/little attachment to the bone

What does the abdominal muscles assist in?

urinating, defecating, regurgitation, vomiting

What purpose does the thoracic/pelvic muscles provide?

locomotion

Inspiratory muscles ___ while expiratory muscles __.

inhale, exhale

The visceral smooth muscle is __ and __ compared to the multi-unit smooth muscle.

large, powerful

The multi-unit smooth muscle is __ and __ compared to the visceral smooth muscle.

delicate, small

The SNS __ muscle activity while the PNS __ muscle activity.

decreases, increases

What do the cardiac and smooth muscle have in common?

single nuclei, involuntary

The visceral smooth muscle requires no initiation and only modifies. What does the multi-unit smooth muscle require?

specific impulses from Nervous System

What are the advantages of the ventral midline incision?

easy accessibility, closure, exposure to abdominal organs

What is one disadvantage of the ventral midline incision?

time of healing (weight on abdominal organs)

What is the most common location of IM injections for canine/feline?

SMSD or gluteal muscle

The neck and chest are common sites for IM injections in horses for what reason?

easy drainage

What is the main difference between the visceral smooth muscle and the multi-unit smooth muscle?

multi-unit smooth muscle requires the nervous system

Why is skin important?

1. covers and protects underlying structures

2. forms a barrier between internal and external

3. prevents desiccation/rampant infections

What are some functions of the skin?

• stores nutrients

• excretes water, salt, organic wastes

• assist in the maintenance of normal body temp

• engage in synthesis of vitamin D

What is keratinization?

when cells give up vital organelles and nuclei to make room for a tough/protective substance (keratin)

What is the main difference between animal skin and human skin?

mammals have 3 epidermal layers rather than 5 layers like humans

What is the epidermis layer composed of?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Which layer of skin contains blood vessels or is vascular

dermis/corium

What is the function of the hypodermis layer of skin?

thermal insulator, mechanical shock absorber, fat storage