Anatomy - Ch. 1 Intro/ Body Plane & Terminology

Anatomy

deals with the structure of body parts; "tomy" refers to cutting

Physiology

deals with the function of the body parts (what parts do & how they do it)

What are the characteristics of life?

• movement -responsiveness (reactions)

• growth -reproduction -digestion -absorption (passage of molecules through membranes diffusion/osmosis) -circulation -assimilation (changing absorbed molecules into different forms ie. amino acids --> proteins) -excretion

What are the environmental factors required for life?

1. Water - most abundant

2. Food (the amount (quantity) & (quality) of these factors are important)

3. Oxygen

4. Heat

5. Pressure - "atmospheric pressure": important in breathing

• "hydrostatic pressure": (water or liquid pressure) as seen with blood pressure of blood pumping through the heart

Homeostasis

"same/standing still" to maintain stable internal environment

-out trillions of cells, tissue and organs, make up our internal environment
- body temp (37C/98.6F) is maintained even though the outside temp changes by the actions of the hypothalamus (like a thermostat for a heater/ AC)
-pH of cells and body fluids are also important
-insulin/glycogen (glucose) secretion by the pancreas

Negative feedback

-"negative feedback mechanisms" help the body maintain homeostasis certain areas of the body get signals or feedback about changes in the internal environment causing responses that reverse these changes in the opposite or negative direction -- think of a number line (-2 -1 0 +1 +2)
ex. - Heat up - sweat to cool back down

Positive feedback

ex. blood clotting increases more clotting
-babies suckling on "teat" or nipples cause more milk production

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

• As you go down, complexity increases -subatomic particles (+, -, 0)

• atoms -molecules

• macromolecules

• oranelles -cells -tissues (layers of cells)

• organs

• organ systems -organism

Ventral Cavity (larger of the trunk)

-thoracic cavity - lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, & thymus gland
- these cavities are separated by the diaphragm muscle

Dorsal Cavity

"Axial portion" ->head, back, trunk
-vertebral canal/spinal cavity - spinal card and vertebrae (backbone)

abdominopelvic muscle

-abdominal cavity (upper)- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small/large intestine
-pelvic cavity (lower) - end of large intestines, urinary bladder, & reproductive organs

"Appenpindicular portions"

- includes the upper and lower limbs

Cavities of the head

1. oral: teeth and tongue

2. nasal: nose and sinuses

3. orbital: eyes

4. middle ear: ears

Viscera

the various organs within a body cavity --- (brain, spinal cord)

Serous membranes

• line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities (3 types)

• these membranes give off (secrete) a slippery fluid between the parietal layer (line of the wall of the cavity) and the visceral layers (layers covering an organ)

pleural membrane

covers lungs

pericardial membrane

covers heart

peritoneal membrane

covers organs in the abdominal cavity

Organ systems

involve a group of organs that work together for a special function

ingumentary system

-skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
- help regulate the body temp & respond to environment (sensory receptors)
-creates a barrier to keep things out of the body

Skeletal system

-bones, ligaments, cartilage
- supports body parts

Muscular system

-muscles
-cause body parts to move, provide posture & body heat

Nervous system

- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
-allow the body to respond to stimuli by electrical impulses & maintain homeostasis

Endocrine system

- glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adernal), pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus gland
-secrete chemical messages (hormones) which affect other cells & maintain hormones

Cardiovascular system

• heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood

• transports gases, nutrients, hormones, & wastes

Lymphatic system

-lymph vessels, fluids,& nodes, thymus gland, spleen
-helps the body defend against infection (immune system)
- also helps transport fluid in tissue spaces back to bloodstream

Digestive system

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, esphagas, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & large intestine

Respiratory system

• nose (nasal cavity) pharnyx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,

• involved in breathing, exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide

Urinary system

-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

• involved in removing waste from blood & producing urine

• helps maintain water & elecrolyte balance in the body (homeostasis)

• sometimes called the "excretory system"

Reproductive system

Male:

• scrotum, testes, epididymides, wasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis

• help produce, maintain, and deliver sperm cells (male gamate)

Female:

• ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

• help produce, maintain, and transport the egg cells (ova, female gamate) & aid in embryo development & giving birth

Anatomical Terminology

• most of Greek or Latin origin

• descriptive terms with precise meanings

Relative position

• terms used to describe the location of a body part compared to another body part

• assumes that the body is in "anatomical position" where the person is standing, facing forward with their hands (palms) facing forward

Superior

(similar to inferior)
- closer to the head, means nothing from one point to another going towards the head (a part is above another)
ex. the person's nose is superior to their mouth

Inferior

(similar to superior)
- closer to the feet, means moving from one point to another going towards the feet (a part is below another)
ex. the person's chin is inferior to their mouth

Anterior

(similar to posterior)
- ventral, means the part referred to is on the front of the body
ex. your eyes are anterior to your brain; your chest is anterior to your upper back

Posterior

(similar to anterior)
- ventral, means the part referred to is on the back of the body
ex. your brain is posterior to your eyes; your butt is on the posterior side of your body

Medial

(similar to lateral)
-means moving from one point to another going towards the midline of the body (imaginary line dividing the body into equal right & left halves), a part is medial if it is closer to this line than other part
ex. the nose is medial to the eyes; the person's big toe is medial to his little toe

Lateral

(similar to medial)
- means moving from one point to another going away from the midline of the body (towards the side)
ex. the ears are lateral to the eyes; your little toe is lateral to your big toe

Proximal

(similar to distal)
-used to describe a body part which is closer to the trunk or another point of reference than the other part
ex. your elbow is proximal to your wrist

Distal

- used to describe a body part that is further from the trunk or another specified point of reference than another part
ex. your fingers are distal to your wrist

Superficial

- means near the surface
ex. a paper cut is a superficial cut of the skin

Deep

- means part which are more internal
ex. a deep cut will require stitches

Peripheral

- means outward or near the surface
ex. the peripheral nervous system involves the nerves which branch from the brain & spinal cord

Body Sections or Planes

-3 different ways to cut a tissue/organ

Saggital

• lengthwise cut or plane that divides the body into right and left sides

• midsagittal: "equal" right and left sides

Transverse

- horizontal; a cut or plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Frontal

- (cornal) a cut or plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior parts

3 ways to cut an organ if it is cylindrical:

• cross section

• oblique

• longitudinal

Body Quadrants - Torse consists of:

• thoracic region (heart & lungs)

• abdominal region

• pelvic region

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

• right upper quadrant (RUQ)

• left upper quadrant (LUQ)

• right lower quadrant (RLQ)

• left lower quadrant (LLQ)

** Remember when speaking of the right side of the body it's from the patient's reference point NOT yours **

Further divided quadrants

• umbilical: middle of the abdomen

• epigastric: superior to umbilical (upper middle_

• hypogastric: inferior to umbilical

• right/left hypogastric: right/left of epigastric region

• right/left lumbar: right/left of the umbilical region

• right/left inguinal (iliac): right/left of hypogastric region