Lecture 5 and 6 - Non-Communicable Diseases and Environmental Health

Lecture 5: Starting Slide #34. Lecture 6: only slide 21

What are the different types of Cancers

Lymphomas

Leukemias

Carcinomas

Sarcoma

Types of Cancer - Lymphomas

Affecting the immune system

Types of Cancers - Leukemia

Affecting blood-forming organs

Types of Cancers - Carcinomas

Affecting Glands and body linings

Skin. digestive tract, lungs

Types of Cancers - Sarcoma

Connective Tissue

Bones, ligaments and muscles

Types of Cancer treatments

Surgery

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Cancer Treatments - Surgery

Remove cancer that is localized

Goal of removing the tumor or surrounding tissue.

Cancer Treatments - Radiation

X-ray or high emery electrons to the part of the person’s body that affected by cancer

SHRINK or DESTROY tumor

Usually an option when cancer is inoperable

Cancer treatments - Chemo

Interferes with the growth of the cancer cells but can kill normal cells in the process

Metastatic cancer

Can shrink tumor before surgery or eliminate cells left behind after surgery

Definition of Metastasis

Is the spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to distant parts of the body - forming secondary tumors

Kidney Cancer symptoms

Blood in urine

Pain in the side of the abdomen or back (lump)

Loss of appetite and significant weight loss for unknown reason

Anemia and fatigue

What causes Kidney Cancer

Smoking

Obesity

Chronic high blood pressure

Family history of kidney cancer

Exxupational Exposure

How is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?

Ultrasound

Urine test

CT Scan

MRI

Blood Chemistry studies

Sometimes biopsy

Kidney Cancer - Definition of Necrosis

The death of cells or tissues in the body

Areas if necrosis can be present within the kidney often due to lack of blood supply or rapid growth of the tumor that outgrow blood supply

Leads to cell death within the tumor

Types of Tissue Damage/Injury

Ulceration

Fibrosis

Necrosis

Cirrhosis

Ulceration

This refers to the formation of open sores on the surface of an organ of tissue, which can occur when cancer invades nearby structures, leading to tissue breakdown

Fibrosis

This is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in response to injury or inflammation often leading to tissue stiffening and impaired organ function

Cirrhosis

This is the severe scarring of the liver tissue, often due to chronic inflammation or injury from cancer

Results in impaired liver function and increased risk of liver cancer

What is Diabetes

Is a condition where the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar due to issues with insulin production or function.

Autoimmune disorder

High blood glucose levels

Complication of Diabetes

Eye problems —> blindness

Kidney problem

Circulation problems that result in amputation

Stroke

Heart Disease

What does Insulin do

Encourages cells to use energy by allowing glucose in the blood to enter cells throughout the body, lowering blood glucose

What is GLUT4

Glucose Transporter Type 4

Is a key PROTEIN involved in glucose metabolism, in muscles and fat tissue

Activated by insulin

Type I diabetes

Occurs before the age of 30

Has a genetic component

Destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency

Type II

Insulin resistance occurs

May not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels

The body’s cells become resistant to insulin and the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to overcome the resistance, resulting in high blood sugar levels.

Bipolar Disorder

A serious mood disorder characterized by swings of mania and depression

Depression

A mental state characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, despair, low self-esteem, and self-reproach

Women suffer from depression more than men

Risk Factors: Early childhood abuse, violence and poverty

Panic Disorders

An anxiety disorder characterized by attacks of acute intense anxiety

Schizophrenia

A mental illness, the main symptoms of which are hallucinations, delusions and changes in outlook and personality

What could NCDs an Mental Illnesses lead to?

Hypertension, diabetes and other cardiovascular events

Chronic diseases leading to psychological comorbidities such as stress, anxiety, and depression

Modifier Risk Factors

Lifestyle choices

Stress management

Social Support

Mental Heal Education

Access to Healthcare

Work-Life Balance

Non-Modifier Risk Factors

Genetics

Early Life Experiences

Neurology

Socioeconomic Status

Traumatic Events

Cultural and Environmental Factors

Alcohol and NCDs

Linked to cancer, cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases

Alcohol and the Liver

This leads to the generation of free radicals in the liver and acetaldehyde which individually damage liver cells

Alcohol and “High Risk”

High risk is defined as drinking 20 grams or more per day of pure alcohol for women and 40 grams for men

What factors contribute to the risk of smoking Tobacco

Education and socioeconomic situation

What does smoking increase the risk of

Induces tissue injury and changes in the cellular environment that foster proliferation and transformation into cancer cells

How does smoking lead to cancer

Through the ability of carcinogens in tobacco smoke to latch onto DNA, leading to mutations in critical genes

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Proteins activated by nicotine that can trigger cell survival pathways, potentially preventing the death of mutated cells and contributing to cancer development.

What are examples of Environmental Factors

Air pollution

Pesticides

Inorganic toxins

Smoke

Wildfires

Road traffic

Water

Primary Prevention

Population strategy

High-risk strategy

Actions to prevent the onset of diseases

(vaccination, healthy lifestyle promotion)

Secondary Prevention

Exercise promotion

Education promotion

Behavioural change

Early detection and treatment to halt disease progression

Tertiary Prevention

Managing disease to reduce complications and improve quality of life

Rehab, chronic disease management

How does tissue damage occur in NCDs?

It is due to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress or immune response

RECAP

Types of Cancers

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

Kidney Cancer

Heat Stroke Definition

Occurs when the body becomes UNABLE to regulate its temperature

Leading to a dangerous rise in core body temp (40ºC or above)

Heat Stroke Symptoms

HEAD

Throbbing headache

Confusion

May lose consciousness

BODY

Hot, red, dry or damp skin

Body temp above 40ºC

Nausea or vomiting

Rapid STRONG PULSE

Heat Exhaustion Definition

A less severe condition caused by dehydration and overheating with symptoms like heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness and nausea.

Caused by prolonged exposure to high temperature. especially in combination with high humidity and strenuous physical activity.

Heat Exhaustion Symptoms

Fainting or dizzy

Heavy sweating, cold, pale, clammy skin

Nausea or vomiting

Rapid WEAK PULSE

Muscle cramps or tiredness