biology-paper 1

Biodiversity

the variety of species in a given ecosystem or on the planet, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.

diffusion

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

osmosis

the net movement of water across a permeable membrane to balance the concentrations of solution inside

active transport

the movement of particles through a membrane via carrier proteins. This requires energy.

mitosis

process of cell division in which a cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells. this is helpful for growth and repair

meiosis

process of cell division that reduces the chromosomes in half

process of mitosis

two identical diploid daughter cells and is used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

diploid

containing two sets of chromosomes

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

process of meiosis

produces four haploid cell gametes, ensuring genetic variation

gamete

sex cell

asexual reproduction

reproduction that involves a single parent

sexual reproduction

reproduction that involves two individuals of different gender

meristems

regions of unspecialised plant cells.

specialisation

process by which generic cells develop into specific cells with unique functions

differentiation

process by which unspecialised cells develop into specialised cells

homeostasis

an organisms ability to regulate/control it’s internal conditions

optimal

best or most favoourable

osmoregulation

water levels

CNS

Central nervous system

PNS

Peripheral nervous system

synapse

a gap between neurones

anaerobic respiration in humans

without oxygen

word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans

fatty acids —→ lactic acid

aerobic respiration

with oxygen

word equation for aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen—→water + carbon dioxide

number equation for aerobic respiration

C6 H12 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2

word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

glucose —→ ethanol + carbon dioxide

double circulatory system

blood enters the heart twice every time it is pumped round the body

vein

carries blood to the heart, thin walls, wide lumen and valves to prevent backflow

artery

carries blood away from the heart, thick walls and lumen to withstand high pressure

capillary

one cell thick walls to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells

enzymes

special proteins that act as biological catalysts to break down molecules

biological catalyst

specialized proteins that accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions

carbohydrase

breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars

proteases

breaks down proteins into amino acids

lipases

breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

light microscope

cheap to make and allow you to see the outline of cells

electron microscope

allow you to visualise finer details due to high resolution

magnification

image size/object

eukaryotic

type of cell that contains a nucleus

prokaryotic

type of cell that does not contain nucleus

haemoglobin

iron rich protein that gives the red blood cells their colour

alveoli

allow gas exchange

endocrine system

system of glands that secrete hormones to send signals to effectors

glucagon

hormone made by the pancreas that raises the blood sugar

stimuli

changes in the environment

glycogen

animals use as an energy store

pulmonary artery

main artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary vein

main vein that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs

stent

tube that can be surgically implanted to blood vessels to keep them open

antibiotics

medicine to help cure the bacterial disease

communicable disease

disease that can spread between individuals either directly or indirectly

mutation

change in the gene

non-communicable disease

disease that cannot be spread between individuals

pathogens

microorganisms that cause infectious disease

tumour

growing mass of cells

benign tumour

non-cancerous

malignant tumour

cancerous

photosynthesis

endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light

phloem

transport tissues found in plants which is specialised to transport sugars

rate of reaction

speed at which reactants are converted into products

translocation

movement of food molecules through the phloem tissue

transpiration

process of water evaporating from a plant

xylem

transport tissues in plants which is specialised to transport water and dissolved minerals