super fun facts and that

how many german soldiers died ww1 and financial ruin

2miion and 4.2 million wounded

1.44 billion marks

when was the revolution from above (october reforms) +brief overview

1918-revolution from above

to get best conditions for armistice as almost defeated at battle of amiens

1st oct- GER became democracy Kaiser as head of state only

Prince Max of Baden chancellor (head of red cross so not tainted by war)

socialist and centre party ministers appointed

pressures from allies for kaiser abdication

Novermber revolution (revolution from below) when why what

1918-Admiral Scheer planned final navy attack despite war loss, sailors mutinied 5/6th nov

9th nov SPD called general strike in Berlin , Max announce Kaiser abdication, chancellorship given to Ebert SPD leader

10th nov Ebert-Groener pact, ebert gets army loyalty if army remain unreformed

armistice when

nov 11 1918

Der Dolchstoss

stab in the back myth

KPD

communists FAR LEFT oppose weimar constitution

USPD

indipendent socialists, drastically drop to <1%

SPD

w/c (+trade union) socialist- LEFT but moderate

DDP

liberal & democratic “professors party” m/c professionals 18% then drop to 1%

Z

catholic party centre consistant 10-15%

DVP

RIGHT but still adhere to wimar constitution, upper/middle class buisness traditional pro monarchy

DNVP

rich land owners traditional elite FAR RIGHT oppose constitution

stinnes-legien agreement

9/11 1918

rich keep factories workers get more pay and shorter hours

spartacist revolt

KPD 1919 karl liebknecht, rosa luxemburg

armed uprising seized govt buildings newspapers try to overthrow govt

but most people like SPD

suppressed by freikorps crushed within 1 week

weimar constitution overview

president head of state 7years could appoint chancellor

govt chancellor and laws passed through reichstag

proportional representation

% share of overall vote

political instability, lots of coolitions

article 48

in an emergency could pass law withought support of reichstag

who was the first president of the weimar republic

Ebert (SPD)

how many times did ebert use article 48

136

1919 constituant assembely vote SPD

38%

1919 constituant assembely vote Z

20%

1919 constituant assembely vote DDP

19%

1919 constituant assembely vote DNVP

10%

diktat

treaty of versailles is a dictatorship agreement

who commanded army 1920-26

Hans Von Seecht

When was TOV

jan-june 1919

TOV loss of territory

70,000 km3 (13%)

rhineland demilitarised alas lorraine to france

TOV loss of iron zinc coal arable land

48% iron ore

68% zinc ore

26% coal

13% agricultural

article 231

war guilt clause

TOV reparations

£6.6 billion 132 billion gold marks

TOV disarmament

no tanks or airforce

army 100,000 men

navy 15,000 men

0 submarines

6 battle ships

when was the TOV

june 1919 müller, Bauers SPD govt

erfüllungspolitik

policy of fulfilment

Name of treaty germany wanted russia to sign

Bret-Litovsk

when was hyperinflation

1923

socialist welfare policies 1919-22

SPD:

1919- limit working day (max 8h)

-state health insurance system (extend to wife’s daughters disables)

-aid for war veteran (can’t work aid for widow and orphan increase)

Z

1922- national youth welfare (all local youth offices to protect)

francis-belgian occupation of the ruhr

germany industrial area

1923 behind on coal payments

60,000 (then 100,000) troops to occupy

1923

so germany passively resisted and paid german workers to strike

132 germans shot, 150,000 germans expelled

may- coal deliveries 1/3 of before, total output fell to 1/5

cause of hyperinflation

franco-belgian occupation of ruhr germany paying strikers and lower output- total cost twice annual repetitions didn’t increase tax print money

hyperinflation

winners of hyperinflation

black marketeers: hordes to push up food price

people in debt: pay off mortgage worthless money

enterprising business: repay loans eg Hugo Stinnes “king of the ruhr”

renters: if it was fixed

forgein currency

farmers: food in demand

losers of hyperinflation

pensioners: state pension didn’t increase at same rate

war bonds: interest repayments decreed in value

unskilled non union workers: wage increase didn’t keep pace with price

landlord on fixed rent

mittelstand: costs rose quicker than prices

sick: medic care cost + food cost = malnutrition + death

savings

Mittelstand

middle class small business owners

how many coalition governments from feb 1919-nov 1923

10

freikorps

paramilitary units of demobilised troops right wing

comintern

communist international (1918) supports communist parties in other countries to seize power

kpd things 1919-23

march 1919- räterepublik bavaria, spartakists berlin

april 1919- strikes halle +ruhr

1929- attempt to seize power ruhr 50,000 workers, 1,000 workers killed halle dresden, disturbances saxony thuringia

march 1921: 145 killed saxony and hamburg and the ruhr

1923: strikes in saxony hamburg

räterepublik

soviet republic in munich

kapp-luttwitz putsch why what who when outcome

jan 1920- govt began to disband troops TOV

feb 1920: noske ordered 2 freikorp units to disband luttwitz refused

12th march 1920: 12,000 freikorps marched berlin, supported by wolfgang kapp (DNVP)

ludendorff, Seeckt

bauer’s SPD govt fled, new got proclaimed kapp appointed chancellor- army neutral and left organize general strike

Kapp and Luttwitz fled collapse 4 days

aftermath of kappputch

750 involved

412 granted amnisty

285 had proceedings discontinued

7 reviewed proceedings

1 punished

Political assasinations 1919-23 LEFT + RIGHT

376 assasinations - Erzberger (1921) Rathenda (1922)

22 by LEFT

354 RIGHT

1 RW punished 10 LW death sentence

Ruhr crises end why?

passive ressistance to fufillment anger RW

‘Great Coalititon’

Aug 12-Nov 30 1923 (SPD, DDP, Z, DVDP) led by StressermannH

How long was Stresemann Chancelor

103 days

Munich/ Beer-Hall Putch

1923

8th Nov- Lossow and Kahr meeting with 2,000 RW. Hitler + SA storm into meeting and force them to sttate their support. While SA sieze other members of Baverian govt

9th Nov- Ebert declares state of emergancy, Lossow and Kahr now denounce the putch. Ludendoff persuade Hitler not to give up

NOON- 2,000 Nazi march to military base in Munich met by armed police ans shot fired 14 Nazi killed Hitler flee

11th Nov- Hitler arrested and ban nazi

Feb 1924- Trial, achieve national fame, sentance to 5yrs

24th Dec 1924- Hitler released after 9 months

Stresseman info facts

DVP wanted constitutional monarchy believe repulic only way to prevent LW RW dictatorship

chancoler 103 days 1923 Great Coalition then forgein minister

Currency to stop Hyperinflation and WHO

Stresseman, Hjalmer Schacht

Rentenmark 15th Nov 1923

1:1trillion

August 1924 rename Reichmark

Stresseman action to balance buget

cut spendinf reduce saleries of civil servents increese taxes

Stressman and KPD start

oct- stressemann against KPD took controll in Saxony

Daws Plan

April 1924

Daws US banker help repayments

reduce annual ammount paid to 1000 mill marks

gradual increace to 2500 mil by 1929

lent 800mil RMs to kickstart repayments and invest

accepted in July

when did industrial output reach pre war level

1929

Young Plan

1929

US guy

Germany pay reperations til 1988

total reduced from £6.6 bil to £ 1.8 billion

sole responsibility of german govt

in return Britain and france leave rhineland earlier

Harzburg front

response to young plan DNVP

national campaign unite other conserv groups demand referendum

drafted ‘freedom law’ calling for rejection of article 231 and recovery of occupied areas

4mil signatures

13.8% support

Hitler played leading role

(easily defeted)

Economic winners 1924-9 (5 + home stats 1926, wage growth 1926)

advance growth in some sectors eg chemical industry

inflation near 0

infrastructure building projects (200,000 homes built 1926)

decline in number of strikes each year

improve living standards (wc wages rose value every year 1928 grew by 12%)

Economic looseres 1924-9 (6 + stats)

unsteady growth in overall inductry (1913 levels 1929)

unemplayment peak 1926 3 mill

public spending cuts

200,000 miners lost jobs

slow recovery of buisness

farmers gain little worldwide depression food price

social welfare reform 1924-7 + amount given to disabled war veterans, orphans, widdows

1924- public Assistance (modernised)

1925- state accident insurance system

1927 national unemployment insurence system

(800,000 war verserans disabled, 360,000 war widows, 900,000 war orphans)

social change 1918-28 Women employment and opportunity

% workforce women 1928 teacher + doctoe 1933

1928 36% german workforce were women

1933 100,000 women teachers 3000 docters

social continutiy1918-28 Women employment and opportunity

civil code 1896- husband decide if wife should undertake employment

league of german workers (BDF) 900,000 members promoted traditional family views

‘demobolisation’ laws- women leave work so ex soldiers could work

social change 1918-28 womens sexual freedom

birth control widly avalible- decline birth rate

divorce rates increece

rise abortions bu 1930 aprox 1 mill

social continuity 1918-28 womens sexual freedom

abortion a crime 1930 10-12,000 deaths due to backstreet abortions

conservsative press attack low birth rate

religion dislike birth control abortion divorce

social change 1918-28 womens political involvement in public life

women have equal rights voting + education due to constitution

1919 41 women elected in reichstag

women in politics: Clara Zethin, Marie Juchacz, Marianne Weber, Paula Muller-offried

social continuity 1918-28 womens political involvement in public life

civil code 1896

no female representative in reichstag

only KPD made gender equality element

Social change 1918-28 youth employment and opportunity

fewer apprentiship + more youth unemployment

1925-6 17% unemployed were 14-21

young wc join gangs

social continuity 1918-28 youth employment and oppertunity

those who dont do to gymnasium schools expected to do aprentiships

social change 1918-28 education

introduction of elementry schools for first 4 years education

if dont pass exam for gymasium school can go here 4 more years

social continuity 1918-28 education

high church influence catholic+protestant religious teaching through state education

still gymnasiums

social change 1918-28 youth groups

social democratic youth movement (SPD)

young communist league (KPD)

Bismark Youth (DVP)

Hitler Youth (NSDAP)

catholic + protestant youth groups eg New Germany

social continuity 1918-28 youth croups

wondergavel- 1896 mc boys non political but nationalistic. Hated industrialisation

social change 1918-28 Jews in politics and public life

Theodor Wolff, editor of Berliner tageblatt- driving force DDP

Walter Ruthenau FM 1922 DDP

SPD + KPD Rosa Luxemburg

social conitinuity 1918-28 Jews in politics and public life

lots of Jewish run newspapers

Already well established in politics

Social change 1918-28 Jews in the economy

Rathenau family controlled electrical engineering firm AEG untill 1927

Jewish banking families 50% private banks eg Rothschilds but decliining

16% Laywers 11% Doctors

½ doctors 1930 Jewish

social continuity 1918-28 Jews in the economy

firms still dominated coal mineing steel works + chemical industry

social change 1918-28 jewish assimilation and anti-semitism

‘Golden Age’ antisemitism pushed ot the fringes

hostility to Jewish finances due to hyerinflation

Social continuity 1918-28 Jewish assimilation and anti-semitism

still a gap between assimilated and security of being accepted

Jews wanted to assimilate in language, dress, lifestyle

How many nightclubs in Berlin

900

Name 2 caberet dancers

Anita Berber

Sebastian Droste

RW view on Nightclubs

Felt like americal jazz attacked german culture NSDAP attacked cabertes- corrupt meltin pots

Art style in Germany

Expressionism

Two artists

Kandinsky, Grosz, Dix

Two expressionalist musicians

Hindemith

Schoenberg

Two expressionalist writers

Thomas Mann

Architectual school in cultural golden age

Bauhaus 1919

Two architects/other design artists in golden age

Paul Klee

Stolzl

Two producers of theatre in golden age

Bertolt Brecht

Weill

Two expressionalist film makers

Fritz lanes

Murhan

people associated with LGBTQ+ culture

Hirschfeld ‘institution of sex research’

How many coalitions 1924-28

6 (2 elections)

% increce in 1924 elections for pro-republican parties

61%-67% (SPD,DDP,Z,DVP)

Who led + parties in 6 coalitions 1924-8

Marx (Z) Nov 1923-25 (Z-DVP-DDP-(BVP))

Luther Jan 1925-May 1926 (Z-DVP-BVP-DNVP)

Marx (Z) May 1926-June 1928 (Z-DVP-DDP-BVP) (Z-DVP-BVP-DNVP)

Muller (SPD) June 1928-March 1930 (SPD-Z-DDP-DVP-BVP)

Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold

Feb 1924- SPD, DDP, Z

aim to defend parliamentary democracy against extreamism, honour flag of constitution

Muller govt

SPD Grand coalition 1928-30

NSDAP % in 2 1924 elections

7% - 3%