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CHLS Meaning and origins of the term "Boricua"

Origin: Comes from the indigenous name of the island -- Boriken

Meaning: The great land of the brave and noble lord

CHLS Who were the indigenous peoples on the Boriken islands?

Taino and Awawak people

CHLS US Colonization of Puerto Rico

Spanish colonization of the islands from 1492-1898

US Takes over islands in the Spanish-Cuban-Filipino-US War in 1898

CHLS Key figures and events of the independence struggle

1937 Ponce Massacre (19 Dead 200 wounded)

1948 Gag law (Ley de la Mordaza)

1950 Jayuya Uprising led to Blanca Canales and Pedro Albizu Campos

1950 Attack on the Truman residence

1954 Attack on the House of Representative

1974 FALN Bombings and Bank robbery

1977 YLP Action at the Statue of Liberty

CHLS What are the Puerto Rican's rights under the Commonwealth?

PR Constitution can be superseded by the US constitution

PR on the islands cannot vote for the US president

PRs on the islands have no congressional representation yet

PRs on the island are subject to the draft

CHLS Environmental Colonialism Definition

The various ways in which colonial practices have impacted the natural environments of indigenous peoples.

CHLS Key Aspects of Environmental Colonialism

Export of pollutants and toxic waste as well as waste-producing industries

Captures how resource management is determined in colonial relationships

Interrupts previous forms of engaging with environments

"Ecological imperialism" trafficking of plants, animals, and diseases between colonies and metropole

CHLS Impact of Hurricane Maria: Displacement

More than 300,000 residents displaced

Per capital income 14k and median rents are $500

Deep cuts in pensions and social services, including education

2012 Law 22 (Law 60) -- investors who havent lived in PR between 06 and 12 get a 0% tax rate on capital gains in exchange for buying land

CHLS Impact of Hurricane Maria: Impact on electrical grid

97% of PR energy is reliant on imported fossil fuels and residents pay 2-3x more for energy than the average US resident

3 million contract with Whitefish energy canceled after protests

Over a million lose power

CHLS Impact of Hurricane Maria: Emergence of new perspectives on development

2012 Law 22 (Law 60) -- investors who havent lived in PR between 06 and 12 get a 0% tax rate on capital gains in exchange for buying land

Enacting energy democracy and pushing for salary energy advocacy at the local level.

Choqui Solar Community project has campaign to bring renewable energy to El Coqui

CHLS 2019 Protests to oust Rossello: Centrality of perrero

Was used to create a sensuous and liberated communal space that generated political power

CHLS 2019 Protests to oust Rossello: Motivations of the protestors

July 1019: Govenors messages featured homophobic, sexist, and violent attacks and evidence of corruption

Made fun of those who died in the hurricane, given the controversy

AIS Ta-Nehisi experience visiting occupied Palestine and Israel

Thought conflict was complicated, but was actually easy to understand

Realized some people could not vote base don where they lived and some could not enter specific areas because they were Palestinian

Stopped often in West Bank. Had to answer the "correct" religion to be let in

AIS Ta-Nehisi Connections he draws from the conditions he witnessed and his own

basic rights are based on ethnicity

Inhibited rights to vote based on your ethnicity and where you live

issues of morality were actually very simple to understand

land is segregated with people having diff liscenes and rights -- similar to Jim crow

AIS Ethic of Non-violence

violence itself is corrupting, it corrupts the soul

Israel had a right to self defense but the violence corrupted their souls and turned from self defense to a genocide

When asked by journalist , congressman did not give a number to how many innocents died

AIS Tradition of "truth-telling"

Just because people are trying to suppress speech should not be an excuse for you to not speak up

Its the minimum of what one can do in the face of oppression

AIS Zionism

A nationalistic, political ideology that called for a creation of a Jewish state, which now supports the continued existence of Israel as a state

Established as a political org. in 1897 under Theodor Herzl

AIS Origins of Israel

UN partition plan

Jewish 33% pop, 56% land

Palestinian 66% pop, 44% land

Israel declared independence

Stated first Arab-Israeli war w/ Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria invited the country

Israel took 77% of Palestine, including the UN intention to allocate to the Arabs.

Egypt gains control of Gaza strip, Jordan gained West Bank and East Jerusalem

AIS Logic of Elimination

Use of military forces

Oppressing means of resistance against genocide

AIS connections between history and the contemporary moment

Many opposed parties will fight for their independence.

In this case Hamas led attacks on many groups of people, including the convert venue

AIS Right of Return is Landback Date of publicaiton

Written in 2022 (before the contemporary moment/Oct 7)

AIS Right of Return

International law that guarantees the right of return to one's country of origin.

AIS Landback

Decentralized movement that aims to restore indigenous soverignty over ancestral lands

Palestinian village Lifta was taken over and rebuilt as a national part, something that Yacoub, a Palestinian elder, wishes for a future where the new generations of Palestinians from Lifta can return to what they call home

AIS Settler colonialism in Israel

Early zionist movement out of Europe to establish themselves on palestinian land in the late 1800s.

Zionist compounds (Kibbutz) created for farmers and more European Jewish settlers came

Enforced by military forces

Colonizers estbalished land ownership though broke treaty promises

Israel as a state is regocnized as guilty of apartheid by many international human rights monitors

Palestinians have to be tried under Israeli military court while an Israeli would be tried under Israeli civilian court. If the fail to show they lose the title of their land

AIS Comparions to US settler colonialism and Israel

Kibbutz and segregation drew similarities to Native American history. Establish POW camp 334 Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

800k Palestinies were exiled in the Nakba by British forces as well as under the xcuse of Manifest Destiny. Mentality was very apparent during the West expansion after colonizers settled o Native American land

Appropriation of Palestinian culture by Israel, such as the hanoun (red poppy), was Palestinian for Land Day and Spring but now Israel national plower

"Red-washing" propaganda where Israel is trying to claim indigenous to Palestine when they're not

Zionism and US settler imagery of the "cowboys and indians"

Palestine's village Lifta parallels Lakota elders' He Sapa (Black Hills), or Pueblo, Dine and Hopi elders' Bears Ears, or Kanaka Maoli's Mauna Kea. All of these native lands were turned into national parks, public parks, private lands, federal lands, and state lands. All stolen.

Palestines 1 milion olive trees being uprooted by Israeli military forces paralles the killing of millions of PLains buffalo

AIS Native American and Palestinian Allyship

Both regard land as one of the most imporant parts of their culture and identity, something that settlers have continuously been taking over

Both have had their lands stolen and repurposed into something completely foreign (native land beind turned into national parks)

AFRS Multiculturalism

Sensibilities, thought and practice rooted in respect for diversity which expresses itself as the four funamental principles

AFRS Four Fundamental Principles

Mutual respect of each people and culture

Mutual respect of the right and responsibility of each people to speak its own special cultural truth and make its own unique contribution to the reception and reconstruction of society

Mutual commitment to the constant search for common ground in the midst of our diversity

Mutual commitment to an ethics of sharing: Shared status, knowledge, space, wealth, power, interest, and resposibility

AFRS Ethics of sharing: Shared Status

Fundamental principle of human and social relations and speaks to the mutual commitment to the dignity of the human person not as an abstraction but as a person-in-community, a community which is fundamental to a person's self-understanding and self-assertion in the world

AFRS Shared Knowledge

Speaks to the human and social need for knowledge for development and human flourishing

AFRS Shared Space (country, neighborhood, and evnvironment)

Requires a meaningful recognition that sharing the country means sharing space w/ other citizens and immigrants in an equitable and ethical way

AFRS Shared wealth

Equitable distribution of wealth.

Based on the understanding that the right to a life in dignity includes the right to a life in dignity includes the right to a decent life, a life in which people have the basic necessities of food, clothing, shelter, health care, physical and economic security and education.

AFRS Shared Power

Central concern here is the right of self determinination, the principle and practice of self governance, the need for meaningful and effective particiapation in decisions that affect and determine our destiny and daily lives

AFRS Shared Interest

Stresses the need for common ground in the midst of our diversity

Assumes that whatever our differences, a moral minimum number of common interests must undergird and inform our common efforts

AFRS Shared Responsibility

Principle speaks to the need for an active commitment to collective responsibility for building the communities, society and world we want and deserve to live in

AFRS Three Grounds of multiculturalisn

Ethical: Respect for the concrete human person in all their diversity

Intellectual: Necessary corrective for the conceptual and content inadequacy of the exclusive Eurocentric education

Social: Part and parcel of the thrust to create a just and good society

AFRS Reparations

An ethical act, and act of amending a wrong doing and making things right, repairing an injury and ultimately doing justice in and for the world

Struggle for reparations is a struggle and and for

Justice for all people

Accountability from the oppressors

Ethical model for the world of how to treat a previously injured people

A healing, repairing, renewing and remaking ourselves in the process and practice of repairing, renewing and remaking the world

AFRS Reparations: Admission

Publicly admitting the holocaust committed against African people by the state and the people

AFRS Reparations: Apology

Apology for committing the Holocaust, state must offer the apology on behalf of its white citizens

AFRS Reparations: Recognition

Both requirements of Apology and Admission must be reinforced with public recognition through institutional establishment, monumental contructrion, educations instruction via school and university system as well as media

AFRS Reparations: Compensation

Can never just be money payoffs.

Multidimensional demand and option and may involve not only money, but land, free, healthcare, housing, free education (grade school to college), etc.

AFRS Reparations Institutional Preventative Measures

Discuss and commit ourselves to continue the struggle to establish preventative measures against massive destruction of human life, culture, and possibility

AFRS Possible ways of compensation

Money, land, preventative measures

Compensation itself is a multidimensional demand and option and may involve not only money, but land, free healthcare, housing, free education (grade school to college), etc.

AFRS Procedural Democracy

Formal rules and necessary processes for a democracy

Ex. Free and fair elections, rule of law, etc

AFRS Substantive democracy

Quality of democracy itself and its ability to deliver equitable outcomes

Focuses on political equality and having the power to make decisions that would affect ones life

AFRS Difference between Substantive and Procedural democracy

Substantive democracy differs in the sense that it denots the artificial appearance of "democracy" whenever one would talk about following procedures like elections amongst other things

The reality however, is that only a small group of elites have the power to make decisions under the guise of a legitimate democratic government

AFRS Shared space

Meaningful recognition that sharing the country means sharing the space w other citizens and immigrants in an equitable and ethical way

Speaks to an immigration policy w/o race, class, religious, or any other irrational and immoral biases; urban, neighborhood and housing policies that preserve and expand public spaces

Meaningful interaction and mutually beneficial exhanges; and an environmental policy that repects the integrity of the envrionment that avoids the gross choice of economic development in spite of envrionmental blight

AFRS Possible Shared interests

We need to have a moral minimum number of common interests despite our inherent diversity

Begins w/ mutual commitment to dignity and rights of humans, well being of family and community, integrity of the envrionment, and common interest of humanity

AFRS Holocaust

The morally monstrous act of genicide that's not only against the people themselves, but also a crime against humanity.

Expresses itself in three way

Destruction of human life, culture, and possibility

AFRS Shared status and the concept of human dignity and equality

People are equal in dignity, rights, opportunitity and respect in both principle and practice

Rejects all practices of superiority and inferiority of people, upholding the principle of equal human and social worth for everyone

AFRS Weber Bill AB 1460

California requires ethnic studies as a university graduation requirement

ASAM Foodways

The way food is produced via social, cultural, and economic practices of a people

ASAM Role of Donut kids in their parents donut shops

Advantages of donut shops/taking over their parents busines to keep the store running

Factors for success (labor)

Commercial and community spaces, customers can make small talk whilst ordering to build camaraderie

ASAM Importance of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): Micro Farmer Crop Buyback Program

Hmong and other SEA farmers got support on a local level in San Joaquin Valley

Local and community orgs have been promoting farms, restaurants and businesses, helping them through initiatives like the MFCB program

Program allows specialty crop farmers to sell harvest to local volunteer partners like HandsOn Central Dali and to local churches to feed families dealing w/ food insecurity in the valley communities

ASAM Strategies for survival/resilience of Chungs Chinese Restaurant in Detroit

Sell their business to another Chinese immigrant family to keep the cycle going

Sold food familiar to local people in the region, in this case southerners wanted fried foods w lots of gravy and they didn't want to sell traditional chinese food in fear of driving away customers

Had local community support support via the merchants association

Other Chinese restaurants held lunar new year parades, moon festivals, and the Miss Chinatown beauty pageant to attract customers

ASAM Food Deserts

Residential areas w/ scared and/or poor access to affordable healthy foods; places with little to no nearby grocery stores, that or grocery stores are located too far for distance

ASAM API Forward Movement and Dominguez Samoan Congregational Christian Church in fighting against food insecurity

Mostly in Compton, congregated by Samoans and African Americans

Culturally relevant foods: Fish, taro, bananas

ASAM Human costs of "Cheap Eats" lists (relationship between immigrant food and history of immigrant

Immigrant labor and food often seen as "cheap" which was the crux of the criticisms customers complained about

Devalues the labor that went into making the food

History of cheap immigrant labor influeces this very belief

ASAM Opportunities, limitaitons, challenges for Asian American and urban food service -- "Cambodian Donut Shops" and "Badmaash" (The Migrant Kitchen)

Ownership and operation of doughnut shops have 2 advantages

Preexisting popularity

Economic viability

ASAM Doughnut shops popularity

California had the highest annual total consumption of doughnuts.

Doughnut shops in Cali grew 55% from 1985-1993

ASAM Doughnut shops viability

Relatively low and attainable cost of ownership and operation

Many immigrant families worked wage jobs to save up for a doughnut shop as they only averaged around $80k

The tong tine system allowed Cambodians to quickly receive and pay back money as loans were both tax and interest-free

Equipment for the shop was also cheap and labor costs were cheap aswell -- family would work

ASAM Doughnut shop challenges

Long working hours (17 hours a day 7 days a week) can be detrimental to health. No good access to healthcare for that

Workers had to live frugal lifestyle, and many owners are stubborn to changes,

Instances of racist remarks from customers targeting one's ethnicity and refugee status were also issues many had to endure.

Workers are unable to sell shops post-recession to retire. Used to be worth $300k now only worth $70k

ASAM Relationship among the US/militarization, Spam and decolonizing the Chamorro diet

Since the Chamorro community relied on farming and fishing, the lack of grocery stores and a continual diet of processed food is putting the people at risk of cancer and other diseases.

Farmers suddenly had to work wage jobs after the US military took control of Guam, by 1944, the farming lifestyle disappeared.

Original Chamorro diet consisted of fish, bananas, breadfruit, even fruit bats.

Other cultures would also begin to influence the diet however with the Philippines lumpia, Spanish's red rice with achiote seed and SPAM

Food independence is political independence

Chamorro people were always led to believe their food was all imported but in reality they're all available on the island