all

1. All of the following were implications of the Harrison Narcotics Act except:
a. labeled drugs as controlled substances.
b. restricted sale of narcotics.
c. hampered prescribing narcotics for opioid withdrawal symptoms.
d. allowed narcotic sales for only medical purposes.

A

2. The Harrison Narcotics Act:
a. allowed prescribing opioids for treating opioid withdrawal symptoms.
b. ranked narcotics by their abuse potential.
c. listed drugs as controlled substances.
d. restricted the sale of opioids to only medical uses.

D

3. The law that restricted the sale of opioids for only medical uses was called:
a. the Harrison Narcotics Act.
b. the Controlled Substance Act.
c. the Drug Enforcement Act.
d. the 21st Amendment.

A

4. A new drug was given a schedule V classification. This indicates:
a. the drug has no abuse potential and has medical uses.
b. the drug has high abuse potential and does not have medical uses.
c. the drug has relatively low abuse potential and has medical uses.
d. the drug has no abuse potential and does not have medical uses.

C

5. A new drug given a schedule I classification suggests:
a. the drug is too new to know about its medical uses.
b. the drug is only used as a drug of abuse.
c. the drug produces a high similar to other schedule I substances.
d. its adverse effects outweigh its potential medical uses.

B

6. A new drug given a schedule II classification indicates:
a. the drug has high abuse potential and few medical uses.
b. the drug has high abuse potential and legitimate medical uses.
c. the drug has low abuse potential and legitimate medical uses.
d. the drug has low abuse potential and few medical uses.

B

7. The U.S. federal law that regulates sale and possession of drugs identified as controlled
substances is called the:
a. 21st Amendment.
b. Drug Enforcement Act.
c. Controlled Substances Act.
d. Harrison Narcotics Act.

C

8. Early clinical definitions of addiction focused on the development of tolerance, physical
dependence, and:
a. years of substance use.
b. physical withdrawal symptoms.
c. medical uses of the substance.
d. craving.

D

9. A strong urge to use a drug is called:
a. a drug high.
b. preference.
c. craving.
d. physical dependence.

C

10. A long-time user of a substance who is experience an intense desire to seek and use the
substance is likely experiencing:
a. drug cravings.
b. physical drug dependence.
c. relapse.
d. significant social and occupational difficulties.

A

11. The occurrence of urges to use a drug after a history of using the drug suggests that:
a. urges entirely account for continued use of a substance.
b. urges are an important component of habitual drug use.
c. a person had used a substance for a long time.
d. the drug was likely a schedule I controlled substance.

B

12. Which of the following suggests that a person has a substance use disorder?
a. A person was introduced to a drug at a party last night and can't wait to try it again.
b. A person continues using a drug with abuse potential for treating a particular disorder.
c. Drug use continues despite a person knowing about all of the problems it is causing in his life.
d. A person experienced severe physiological effect after taking a substance.

C

13. A return to a chronic drug use state that meets the clinical features of a substance use
disorder is called:
a. craving.
b. dependence.
c. relapse.
d. early remission.

C

14. A patient identified as in the type of remission called "maintenance therapy" suggests:
a. a strong likelihood of long-term cessation from drug use.
b. the patient no longer uses the substance as long as the patient is living in a controlled
environment.
c. the patient did not meet the criteria for a substance use disorder upon a follow up from the
physician's office a few months later.
d. that the patient may not be able withhold from using a drug without participating in an active
treatment program.

D

15. For a substance use disorder, successfully discontinuing drug use for an entire month would
be noted as:
a. maintenance therapy.
b. early remission.
c. controlled environment.
d. sustained remission.

B

16. A model of drug addiction:
a. characterizes and explains compulsive drug use.
b. is used to diagnose a drug addiction.
c. is used to determine a treatment for a substance use disorder.
d. is developed from the opinions of clinicians.

A

17. All of the following are features of models of drug addiction except:
a. they are based on scientific research.
b. they attempt to characterize compulsive drug use.
c. they allow identifying the type of disorder a person has.
d. they can be used to form hypotheses and further drug addiction research.

C

18. Having scientific models of drug addiction in addition to having diagnostic criteria suggests
that:
a. scientifically determined features of drug addiction may differ from diagnostic criteria for drug
addiction.
b. both can be used for determining if a client has a substance use disorder.
c. neither is sufficient for understanding drug addiction.
d. diagnostic criteria are supported by scientific-validated models.

A

19. A researcher that finds considering a drug as an interruption or disorder of physiological
functions as most useful for understanding drug addiction likely would prefer:
a. using drive theory to understand drug addiction.
b. the latent inhibition model of drug addiction.
c. using associative learning principles for modeling drug addiction.
d. the disease model of drug addiction.

D

20. The disease model of drug addiction:
a. states that drugs elicit powerful reinforcing effects.
b. enhances the reinforcing effects of associated stimuli.
c. states that drug addiction fits the medical definition of a disease.
d. provides a basis for diagnosing drug addiction.

C

21. A stimulus that occurred after a behavior and increase the likelihood of the behavior
occurring again is called:
a. extinction.
b. a conditioned stimulus.
c. an operant stimulus.
d. a reinforcer.

D

22. A teacher stated "good job!" after a student gave an answer to her question in class. Later,
the student provided more answers in class. "Good job" served as a(n):
a. positive reinforcer.
b. negative reinforcer.
c. discriminative stimulus.
d. unconditioned stimulus.

A

23. A stimulus that, when present, signals the availability of reinforcement is referred to as a:
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. discriminative stimulus.
c. negative reinforcer.
d. positive reinforcer.

B

24. How might a discriminative stimulus be described?
a. An organism learns that a stimulus is similar to another stimulus.
b. An organism knows that responding is only rewarded when a particular stimulus is present.
c. An organism likes the stimulus and works harder to earn the stimulus.
d. An organism automatically responds when the stimulus is presented.

B

25. A \________________ may develop from presenting stimuli in the presence of a stimulus
involved in an associative learning process.
a. conditioned stimulus
b. discriminative stimulus
c. reinforcer
d. unconditioned stimulus

A

26. How might an unconditioned stimulus be described?
a. A stimulus that cannot produce any behavioral effects.
b. A stimulus that rewards an unlearned behavioral response.
c. A stimulus that signals when an unlearned behavioral response will receive a reward.
d. An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented.

D

27. All of the following are features of a conditioned stimulus (CS) except:
a. Normally developed from pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
b. The presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) increases the future frequency of the
response.
c. Produces a response similar to the one produced by the unconditioned stimulus.
d. The conditioned stimulus did not produce the response before pairing with the unconditioned
stimulus.

B

28. \__________________ consists of a resistant or slower conditioning process that occurs from
using a familiar stimulus as the neutral stimulus.
a. Incentive salience
b. Classical conditioning
c. Latent inhibition
d. Stimulus discrimination

C

29. All of the following are features of incentive salience in drug addiction except:
a. previously neutral stimuli come to elicit a motivation to a particular substance.
b. incentivized stimuli command an individual's attention when they are encountered.
c. the presence of incentivized stimuli means that a drug is available to use.
d. encountering incentivized stimuli can cause drug seeking.

C

30. Finding that certain things can serve as a reminder of an interest in using a drug is a way of
describing:
a. incentive salience.
b. goal-directed behavior.
c. a discriminative stimulus.
d. opponent-process theory.

A

31. \______________ occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviors in order to achieve
a desired goal.
a. Latent Inhibition
b. Incentive salience
c. Goal-directed behavior
d. Classical conditioning

C

32. A researcher who found it most useful to think of drug withdrawal as enhancing the
rewarding value of a drug would likely be most in favor of which drug addiction model?
a. Opponent-process theory of drug addiction
b. Drive theory of drug addiction
c. Incentive-salience theory of drug addiction.
d. Disease model of drug addiction.

B

33. The main features of the drive theory of drug addiction suggest that:
a. a drug becomes more rewarding as a person becomes physically or psychologically
uncomfortable without it.
b. the drug causes physiological changes that are similar to a disease.
c. the aversive experience of withdrawal effects causes the drug to become a negative reinforcer.
d. the drive to use a drug becomes paired with stimuli that promote drug seeking when the drug
is absent.

A

34. The \_________________ model states that drug addiction occurs after a shift from liking the
effects of a drug to wanting the effects of a drug.
a. disease
b. opponent-process
c. drive theory
d. incentive-salience

D

35. The incentive-salience model suggests that:
a. drugs become more rewarding the more they are used.
b. trying a drug one time is unlikely to cause an addiction to the drug.
c. relapse is unlikely to occur after quitting a drug.
d. craving is an important motivating feature of drug addiction.

B

36. Wanting a drug more while liking a drug less may be an indication of:
a. opposing processes.
b. craving
c. liking.
d. tolerance.

D

37. According to the \____________________ of drug addiction, the effects of a drug are
automatically counteracted by opposing actions in the body.
a. incentive salience model
b. drive theory
c. disease model
d. opponent-process theory

D

38. During drug addiction, a user must take higher amounts of a drug to overcome:
a. incentivized stimuli.
b. drug liking.
c. opponent processes.
d. latent inhibition effects.

C

39. A researcher who found it most useful to think of drug addiction as mediated by drugs
canceling out withdrawal effects would likely prefer the:
a. disease model of drug addiction.
b. the drive theory of drug action.
c. incentive salience model of drug addiction.
d. the opponent-process theory of drug addiction.

D

40. A drug user finding that he couldn't achieve the same rush from a drug after using it for some
weeks is an example of:
a. craving.
b. goal-directed behavior.
c. wanting the drug more.
d. the development of opponent processes.

D

41. According to the opponent-process model, greater effects from opposing processes than
effects produced by a drug would likely result in:
a. greater incentive salience of paired stimuli.
b. an increase in the rewarding effects of a drug.
c. withdrawal effects.
d. drug sensitization.

C

42. According to the incentive-salience model, the process of stimuli associated with drug use
commanding attention and eliciting a motivational state to use a drug is called:
a. wanting.
b. craving.
c. liking.
d. reinforcement.

A

43. All of the following are features of the incentive-salience model except:
a. stimuli associated with drug use come to elicit a motivational state for seeking a drug.
b. liking a drug's effects accounts for addictive drug use.
c. users may like a drug less while wanting it more.
d. relapse may occur when a former user encounters stimuli associated with past drug use.

B

44. A reduced firing rate of mesolimbic neurons would likely cause:
a. reduce control of movement.
b. an inhibited ability to feel rewarding effects.
c. an increased sensitivity to pain.
d. an increase in heart rate.

B

45. Inhibiting the activity of GABA neurons that make synaptic contact with dopamine neurons
in the ventral tegmental area would likely:
a. increase dopamine release in the basal ganglia.
b. increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
c. increase GABA release in the nucleus accumbens.
d. decrease GABA release in the ventral tegmental area.

B

46. Where are the somas for mesolimbic dopamine neurons found?
a. Hypothalamus.
b. Nucleus accumbens.
c. Substantia Nigra.
d. Ventral tegmental area.

D

47. An animal that presses a lever in order to intracranial self-stimulation is likely:
a. engaging in goal-directed behavior.
b. demonstrating latent inhibition.
c. exhibiting tolerance.
d. using the stimulant as a discriminative stimulus.

A

48. Olds found that electrodes placed near the \__________________ produced greater
reinforcing effects than other places in the brain that he inserted the electrode.
a. hippocampus
b. hypothalamus
c. nucleus accumbens
d. medial forebrain bundle

D

49. Otto Loewi's experiment involving transferring fluid from around the heart of one frog to
around the heart of another frog demonstrated that:
a. acetylcholinestase catabolizes acetylcholine.
b. that the mesolimbic dopamine pathway affects heart rate.
c. that neuronal communication can occur outside of the brain.
d. that communication between neurons involves a chemical means of transmission.

D

50. The primary reason for Otto Loewi conducting his experiment was:
a. to determine if electrical stimulation could be used to reinforce behavior.
b. to determine if stimulation of the vagus nerve could affect heart rate.
c. to determine if neurotransmission was electrical or chemical.
d. to determine if acetylcholine was a neurotransmitter.

C

51. All of the following are likely associated with increased levels of dopamine except:
a. when going to a familiar place.
b. when presented with stimuli that predict positive outcomes.
c. while experiencing reinforcing effects.
d. when encountering something new.

A

52. A study in rats finding that greater concentrations of sucrose, an enjoyable taste for rats, led
to greater concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens suggests that:
a. sucrose serves as an agonist for dopamine neurons.
b. dopamine levels increase as the value of reward increases.
c. an increased firing rate of GABA neurons occurred in the ventral tegmental area.
d. sucrose was likely a novel stimulus.

B

53. During chronic drug abuse, which structure forms associations between stimuli commonly
present during drug use and the reinforcing effects of the drug?
a. Nucleus accumbens
b. Amygdala
c. Thalamus
d. Dorsal striatum

B

54. Which structure stores contextual information related to recreational drug taking?
a. Amygdala
b. Hippocampus
c. Orbitofrontal cortex
d. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

B

55. The involvement of the hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsolateral cortex
as a drug addiction develops suggests that:
a. drugs spread to damage many structures in the brain.
b. drug addiction involves more than simply enjoying the effects of a drug.
c. drugs produce stronger effects than natural rewards.
d. drugs have a clear affect on one's movement.

B

56. While the amygdala pairs stimuli associated with the reinforcing effects of a drug, the
orbitofrontal cortex:
a. weakens conditioning by inhibiting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
b. produces reinforcing effects.
c. assigns value to stimuli paired with a drug's reinforcing effects.
d. stores contextual information about this stimulus.

C

57. Habits learned while using a drug are mediated by the:
a. amygdala.
b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
c. dorsal striatum.
d. thalamus.

C

58. If someone is planning out a series of steps, such as getting money and driving to meet a
dealer, to obtain a drug of abuse, which structure is likely mediating these plans?
a. Nucleus accumbens
b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c. Amygdala
d. Hypothalamus

B

59. Many of the symptoms of physical withdrawal from a drug are due to changes in:
a. pairing of stimuli in the amygdala.
b. nucleus accumbens activity.
c. autonomic nervous system function.
d. the integration of sensory information in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

C

60. The \_____________ elicits autonomic system effects associated with physiological
withdrawal symptoms.
a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
b. hypothalamus
c. medula
d. amygdala

B

61. Which of the following is an example of dorsal striatum functioning when using a drug?
a. A person experiences physical withdrawal symptoms after time has passed since using a drug.
b. A person injects a drug and experiences an intense rush.
c. A person develops an intense motivation to use drug after encountering something associated
with prior use.
d. After taking a bottle, a person twist-opens the cap, taps out the usual three pills, and swallows
the pills.

D

62. Describing someone as intoxicated implies:
a. the person is engaging in drug seeking behavior.
b. the person is experience withdrawal effects from a drug.
c. the person currently appears to be impaired by a drug's effects.
d. the person is unresponsive due to a drug overdose.

C

63. During the stages of drug addiction, the first stage of addiction is:
a. intoxication.
b. dependence.
c. preoccupation and anticipation.
d. novelty seeking.

A

64. Gary feels physically sick and has sense of dread after having not taken heroin since the
previous day. Based on this description alone, which stage of the addiction cycle is Gary most
likely in?
a. Withdrawal
b. Intoxication
c. Preoccupation and anticipation
d. Relapse

A

65. The absence of a chronically use drug failing to compensate for opposing effects, according
to the Opponent Process theory of drug addiction, would correspond best with the
\______________ stage of the drug addiction cycle.
a. relapse
b. preoccupation and anticipation
c. intoxication
d. withdrawal

D

66. Since she became hooked on a drug some months ago, Leah seems to think about nothing
except when she can use again and about ways she can get more the of drug. Based on this
description alone, which stage of addiction is Leah most likely in?
a. Withdrawal
b. Preoccupation and anticipation
c. Relapse
d. Intoxication

B

67. All of the following structures are involved in the preoccupation and anticipation stage of
drug addiction except:
a. prefrontal cortex.
b. dorsal striatum.
c. amygdala.
d. hippocampus.

B

68. The neurobiological systems most closely linked to intoxication for an addictive substance
are:
a. connections between the amygdala and hippocampus.
b. reward circuitry.
c. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus.
d. the orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex.

B

69. High mortality rates with drug addiction due to factors other than drug overdose tend to be
related to all of the following except:
a. risky decision making.
b. drug use causing physiological disorders, such as heart disease.
c. a genetic predisposition for health problems.
d. unhealthly lifestyle.

C

70. \________________ is a process aimed at ceasing drug intoxication and reducing withdrawal
symptoms.
a. Behavioral therapy
b. Detoxification
c. Maintenance therapy
d. Reinstatement

B

71. If a person is given a medication to weaken the short-term withdrawal effects from an
addictive substance, the person is likely:
a. in a detoxification step of a treatment program.
b. undergoing behavioral therapy.
c. in a 12-step anonymous program.
d. being treated for the preoccupation and anticipation phase of drug addiction.

A

72. All of the following are features of behavioral therapy except:
a. uses behavior analytic principles to characterize drug addiction.
b. may use community reinforcers to compete with drug reinforcers.
c. attempts to alter one's decision making during drug cravings.
d. uses contingency management approaches.

C

73. The use of applied behavior analysis principles to analyze and develop strategies to treat drug
addiction is called:
a. cognitive-behavioral therapy.
b. behavioral therapy.
c. a 12-step anonymous program.
d. drug-replacement therapy.

B

74. A person prescribed a drug in order to avoid using an addictive substance is likely
undergoing:
a. behavioral therapy.
b. cognitive-behavioral therapy.
c. drug-replacement therapy.
d. a 12-step anonymous program.

C

75. A person who engages in a self-calming technique and then thinks of enjoyable healthy
activities that he enjoys is likely undergoing:
a. a behavioral therapy.
b. a 12-step anonymous program.
c. cognitive-behavioral therapy.
d. a drug-replacement therapy.

C

76. All of the following are features of twelve-step anonymous programs except:
a. members are known on a first-name basis.
b. uses a support group structure to encourage adherence to the program.
c. the goal is to reduce drug use to a manageable, socially acceptable level.
d. promotes acceptance of a higher greater moral purpose or power.

C

77. If a person didn't want to eliminate drug use, but wanted to reduce use to a manageable level,
she would likely prefer:
a. a twelve-step anonymous program.
b. a drug-replacement therapy.
c. a detoxification program.
d. a cognitive-behavioral therapy.

D

78. Providing vouchers for meals at a local restaurant when a person remained abstinent from
drug use would be an example of a(n):
a. contingency-based strategy.
b. cognitive-behavioral strategy.
c. one of the steps in a 12-step anonymous program.
d. incentive-salience treatment approach.

A

79. All of the following are features of food addiction except:
a. large amounts of a food are consumed on a regular basis.
b. a person unsuccessfully attempts to reduce overeating.
c. individuals become obese.
d. overeating continues despite knowing the harm it is causing.

C

80. What role does ghrelin play in enjoying highly palatable foods?
a. reduces likelihood of continuing to eat.
b. reduces hunger through acting in the hypothalamus.
c. increases levels of leptin.
d. stimulates mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

D

80\. A researcher had a group of rats well trained to press levers in order to earn food pellets. Yet, during experimental sessions the following week, lever pressing declined across all rats. This puzzled the researcher until he realized that someone had unplugged the food pellet dispensers. The decline in responding due to this unintentional reason is referred to as ______.

A. extinction

B. punishment

C. associative unlearning

D. unconditioned responding

A

81\. A drug effect on a particular process governing behavior is referred to as a(n) ______.

A. behavioral mechanism of drug action

B. three-tier associative process

C. Pavlovian conditioning

D. implicit learning

A

82\. A drug was found to decrease lever responding in rats trained to make this response to earn food pellets. Which of the following describes a behavioral mechanism of drug action to account for the drug’s effect?

A. The drug inhibited activity of the basal ganglia.

B. The drug made the rat feel less hungry.

C. The drug altered metabolic processing of the food.

D. The drug impaired the cerebellum, altering the timing of lever presses.

B

83\. During drug addiction, a user may find that everyday activities that were once enjoyable now have become mildly interesting at best. Only the addictive substance achieves a satisfactory level of enjoyment. What does this serve as an example of?

A. drug disinhibition

B. the disease concept of addiction

C. drive theory

D. allostasis

D

84\. The maintenance of a physiological state around a set point that has deviated from the body’s normal set point is called ______.

A. equilibration effect

B. Pavlovian counterconditioning

C. genetic set point theory

D. allostasis

D

85\. Evidence of altered reward circuitry during chronic use of an abused substance consists of ______.

A. expression of ΔFosB from GABA neurons in the nucleus accumbens

B. reduced expression of D1 receptors on GABA neurons in the nucleus accumbens

C. enhanced activity of GABA neurons that inhibit dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area

D. activation of D6 receptors on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area

A

86\. A former drug user who had recently relapsed due to encountering a trigger indicates that ______.

A. the person was startled by a loud noise

B. the person encountered a stimulus associated with prior drug use

C. medication taken to reduce withdraws became ineffective

D. allostasis effects could not be returned to prior normal levels

B

87\. A stimulus that, when encountered, causes a former drug user to begin using again is referred to as a(n) ______.

A. igniter

B. goal-directed behavior

C. allostatic event

D. trigger

D

Why are psychostimulant drugs also referred to as sympathomimetics?
a. They increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
b. They invoke feelings of sympathy.
c. They produce rewarding effects.
d. They increase the activity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

A

The term sympathomimetic implies:
a. a drug produces sympathy.
b. that a drug produces mind altering effects.
c. that a drug activates the sympathetic nervous system.
d. that a drug activates mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

C

If a physician needed to increase autonomic nervous system activity, she might administer a:
a. muscle-relaxing drug.
b. psychotomimetic drug.
c. psychoactive drug.
d. sympathomimetic drug.

D

The first amphetamines were derived from:
a. cocaine.
b. Ephedra sinica.
c. methamphetamine.
d. Catha edulis.

B

Given that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are found in Ephedra sinica, consuming this plant
likely:
a. produce methamphetamine as an active metabolite.
b. will inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity.
c. produces stimulant effects.
d. will produce no effects unless processed into methamphetamine.

C

Amphetamines represent a class of psychostimulant drugs that:
a. include cocaine and methylphenidate.
b. worsen symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
c. produce a diverse series of effects, including depressant effects.
d. share a similar chemical structure.

D

The finding that amphetamines share a similar structure suggests that:
a. they all have equal potency.
b. they all derive from Ephedra sinica.
c. they likely produce psychostimulant effects.
d. amphetamines are produced naturally in the environment.

C

If a pharmacologist wanted to develop a drug with closely similar effects as amphetamine, she
would likely:
a. determine which plants produce amphetamine.
b. find a compound that does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
c. develop any type of psychostimulant drug.
d. develop a compound with a chemical structure similar to amphetamine.

D

A racemic form of a drug consists of:
a. the freebase form of a drug.
b. a 3 :1 ratio of one isomer compared to another.
c. a drug that is quickly absorbed and distributed due to pharmacokinetic effects.
d. a mixture of both d and l optical isomers.

D

Methylphenidate is primarily used for the treatment of:
a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
b. drug addiction.
c. schizophrenia.
d. obesity.

A

All of the following are pharmacological treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder except:
a. methamphetamine.
b. methylphenidate.
c. amphetamine.
d. pseudoephedrine.

D

Which psychostimulant drug is derived from that?
a. Cathinone
b. Pseudoephedrine
c. Amphetamine
d. Cocaine

A