Early modern medicine

Bladder Stones

Mineral deposits causing urinary obstruction and pain.

Unreliable Anesthetics

Ineffective substances like wine and opium for pain relief.

Surgery Regulation

Mandatory attendance in surgical training courses.

Royal College of Surgeons

Institution established for surgical education and training.

Surgeons' Education

Only a minority attended formal university training.

What is chinchona?

A treatment derived from a tree native to South America.

What is rhubarb used for?

A treatment derived from a plant native to Asia.

Who was Nicholas Culpepper?

An herbalist known for his remedies still used today.

Who was Lady Joanna St John?

An herbalist known for her remedies still used today.

What did quacks sell?

Remedies they knew would not work.

What is Daffy's Elixir?

A historical remedy sold by quacks.

What type of hospitals are often charitable and voluntary?

Charitable and voluntary hospitals

Who set up a hospital for abandoned children?

Thomas Coram

Blood Circulation

The movement of blood throughout the body.

Galen's Theory

Ancient belief in the four humors affecting health.

Dissection Importance

Critical for understanding human anatomy and physiology.

Experimental Method

Using observation and testing to validate scientific theories.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels not visible without advanced microscopy.

Microscope Limitations

Inability to see capillaries hindered earlier studies.

Four Humors

Ancient concept of bodily fluids influencing health.

The Great Plague

A major outbreak of bubonic plague in 1665.

Contagion

Belief that diseases spread through infected individuals.

Bad air theory

Idea that foul air caused diseases.

Government response

Actions taken to prevent plague spread.

Prayers

Religious practices ordered to seek divine intervention.

Clean streets policy

Efforts to maintain sanitation in urban areas.

Killing cats and dogs

Elimination of pets believed to spread disease.

Fires

Burning waste to purify the environment.

Ligatures

Used for tying blood vessels in surgery.

Cautery

Technique for burning tissue to stop bleeding.

Egg Yolks

Used as a binding agent in medical applications.

Turpentine

Solvent used in medicinal preparations.

Oil of Roses

Fragrant oil used for therapeutic purposes.

Artificial Limbs

Prosthetic devices designed to replace lost limbs.

Personal Determination

Individual's resolve influencing recovery and innovation.

War and Chance

Factors contributing to medical advancements and discoveries.

Thomas Sydenham

English physician known as the 'English Hippocrates'.

Observation of Symptoms

Focus on patient symptoms over invasive treatments.

Chinchona

Plant used by Sydenham to treat malaria.

Smallpox Treatment

Developed effective cooling therapy for smallpox.

Monitoring Treatment

Emphasized careful observation during treatment methods.

Who wrote the first accurate account of human anatomy?

Andreas Vesalius

What is the title of Vesalius's work that showed the importance of dissection?

De humani corporis fabrica

What did Vesalius prove wrong?

Galen's anatomical theories

What skills helped Vesalius in his work?

Ability to dissect and personal determination

What technological advancement aided Vesalius in disseminating his work?

The printing press

John Hunter

Skilled surgeon
believed in dissection
famous Anatomy teacher
museum to educate people about his work

New ideas

Ideas which improved not revolutionalize health Lind- Limes for scurvy floyer- ideas on asthma

What disease was a huge killer in early modern Britain?

Smallpox

How many people died from smallpox in Britain in 1796?

35,000

Who introduced inoculation for smallpox in 1721?

Lady Mary Montague

Who developed an effective vaccine for smallpox in 1797?

Edward Jenner

What type of opposition did smallpox vaccination face?

Religious reasons and from innoculators

When did the government make the smallpox vaccine free?

1840

When was smallpox vaccination made compulsory?

1853

When was smallpox declared eradicated by the WHO?

1980