Special Topics Exam 2

In which way does stress reduce gastrointestinal efficiency?

reduced blood flow to gut, reduced digestive enzyme release, dysregulated gut smooth muscle contraction, impaired mucosal integrity

Does consideration of taste preference result in greater activation of the dorsolateral or ventromedial prefrontal cortex

ventromedial

list three molecules associated with reduced appetite.

insulin, leptin, CCK

Which factor is NOT typically associated with metabolic syndrome?

fibromyalgia

What is the definition of probiotic?

Good or commensal gut bacteria

List three food types mentioned in class that are high in probiotic content?

milk, soft cheese, dark chocolate

What bacteria is present in the germ free mouse?

None

Please list two differences between wildtype and germ-free mice

reduced fear, underdeveloped immune system,

Which food type tends to be consumed more during the winter than summer?

processed carbs

Which neurotransmitter is known to link season of the year to dietary preferences

serotonin

Leptin is release from which tissue

fat

What type of fungus is known to over grow in one’s digestive system after a long-term high dairy diet

candida

What does fat loss do to systemic levels of the adrenal androgen, androstenedione?

increases

Which reproductive hormone has been shown to increase with chronic stress?

prolactin

list two hormones known to be directly involved in child growth

Thyroid hormone, growth hormone

What is the major function of ornithine decarboxylase?

Mediator of effects of growth hormone on soft tissue and bone

What did Harry Harlow find

the infant monkeys preferred the tactile cloth mother over the wired one that provided food

Please name one benefit for the offspring of skin-to-skin contact between mother and offspring immediately after birth.

less body weight loss, faster body weight gain

What is the epigenetic factor associated with maternal care?

Methylation

Do adult offspring from “good rat moms” have more or fewer glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus?

more

What is the basic definition of impulsivity

acting without thinking

Please list three ritualistic behaviors commonly associated with compulsive disorders

tapping, organizing, cleaning

Please list three common obsessive-compulsive disorders

pyromania, kleptomania, body dysmorphic disorder

Which disorder would fall into the category of hyper-control?

anorexia nervosa

list two effective treatments practiced by Randy Frost and others to treat hoarding.

non-shopping trip, downward arrow

Please list two personality traits associated with Type-B personality

patient, passive, procrastionation

True or False, sudden cardiac arrest is more common in persons suffering anxiety disorders than the general population.

true

During which part of the sleep process is rapid eye movement sleep more prevalent

latter half

What phase of sleep is most strongly correlated with the nocturnal rise in cortisol?

REM

Please list two behavioral factors associated with shorter sleep onset or better quality sleep.

walking, listening to music, yoga

Where are pain sensations and pain perceptions generated, respectively

spinal cord, brain

Do prostaglandins worsen or lessen pain perceptions?

worsen

Please list two major categories of headaches.

muscular, vascular

List two reasons why fibromyalgia is considered a byproduct of chronic anxiety

sympathetic overdrive, reduced HR variability

Please list two human diseases/disorders associated with reduced hippocampal volume due to neuronal atrophy.

major depressive disorder, chushing’s disease

What is the major source of energy for the brain?

glucose

With respect to neurogenesis, what is the role of serotonin

mitosis

name 3 brain regions associated with pain

amgydala, dorsal horn, acc

In the Baliki paper, what was special about the control subjects

there was no change between rest and the cognitive challenge brain activity

Neuronal fate is associated with

BDNF

lowered ODC in kids occurs because off

psychosocial stress

What do you need to do to ghrelin before use

acylate it

2 opioids associated with pain

endorphins, encephalins

type c traits

difficulty expressing emotions, helplessness

2 factors associated with memory during trauma

CORT, opioids

elements of the “vicious cycle of OCD” in order

obsessive thoughts, anxiety, compulsive behavior, temporary relief

Which disorder is an example of an OCD

body dysmorphic disorder, perfectionism, hypochondriasis, hoarding disorder

What happens to GABA levels in the prefrontal cortex in association with most impulse control disorders

increases

How does sleep differ in major depressive disorder

deep sleep deficit, early morning awakenings

What happens to normal task-dependent brain structure repression as a result of chronic pain

brain is hyperactive, repression reduced

List two pieces of evidence that the hippocampus provides negative feedback regulation to the hormonal stress response.

Stimulation of hippocampus reduces CRF, lesions of hippocampus increase CRF

What is dexamethasone

GC receptor agonist

What is dilantin?

AMPA receptor antagonist

What factor best explains neuroendangerment due to stress?

reduced glucose uptake in glial cells

Which factor is associated with increased adult brain neurogenesis?

voluntary exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs

What types of memories are most closely associated with the striatum

habit memories

What are plotted on the Y- and X-axes of the Yerkes-Dodson curve

Y = performance, X = arousal level

Which reproductive hormone is shared by women and men?

estrogen, testosterone, oxytocin, leutenizing hormone

Name three physical stressors linked to inhibited reproductive capacity

injury, illness, starvation

Name three adaptive functions of oxytocin for new moms

Conservation of energy during breastfeeding, reduction in stress-induced immunosuppression, better infant care

Which factor mediates the effects of growth hormone on soft tissue and bone

Ornithine decarboxylase

The Barker hypothesis relates to which human evolutionary trait

fat storage

What is the molecule that best drives an “umami” taste perception

glutamate

What is the stress-related developmental epigenetic factor that leads to prolonged stress responses in adulthood?

Methylation of the neuronal glucocorticoid receptor gene

What happens to GABAA receptor levels in the amygdala due to maternal licking and grooming

increase

Name two examples of stress-induced changes in digestive efficiency

Blood flow to gut, reduced digestive enzyme release

True or False, chronic excessive cortisol elevations inhibit protein synthesis

true

Which brain region shows increased activity when one eats for health only

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

What is the name of the enzyme that adds the side group to ghrelin

GOAT

Name three factors that constitute metabolic syndrome

Obesity, hyperglycemia, depression

Approximately what percentage of human DNA originated from viruses

80

What is the definition of a prebiotic?

Food for probiotics

Name two types of pathological gut bacteria

Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile

Name three food sources of prebiotics

raw honey, bananas, oats

What brain area circuits are shared between food and drug addiction (name 3)

striatum, hippocampus, PFC

energy independent endangerment

B-amyloid protein of alz, HIV