A1.1: water

polar covalent bond

attraction between H and O atoms due to unequal sharing of electrons (intramolecular force)

hydrogen bond

attraction between two water molecules due to their partial changes (weak intermolecular force)

tetrahedral arrangement

each water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds

cohesion

the force by which individual water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding

surface tension

water molecules are more attracted to each other than to other surfaces (cohesion), where the outermost water molecules form hydrogen bonds with water molecules below them

adhesion

the force by which individual water molecules stick to surrounding surfaces due to polar water molecules being attracted to other charged materials

capillary action

water is drawn up narrow tubes due to cohesion between water molecules and adhesion between water and the tube

buoyancy

the ability of any fluid to provide a vertical upwards force on an object placed in it

viscosity

the stickiness of a fluid which determines how easily is can flow

thermal conductivity

the ability of a substance to transfer heat when there is a temperature difference

specific heat capacity

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance