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polar covalent bond
attraction between H and O atoms due to unequal sharing of electrons (intramolecular force)
hydrogen bond
attraction between two water molecules due to their partial changes (weak intermolecular force)
tetrahedral arrangement
each water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds
cohesion
the force by which individual water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding
surface tension
water molecules are more attracted to each other than to other surfaces (cohesion), where the outermost water molecules form hydrogen bonds with water molecules below them
adhesion
the force by which individual water molecules stick to surrounding surfaces due to polar water molecules being attracted to other charged materials
capillary action
water is drawn up narrow tubes due to cohesion between water molecules and adhesion between water and the tube
buoyancy
the ability of any fluid to provide a vertical upwards force on an object placed in it
viscosity
the stickiness of a fluid which determines how easily is can flow
thermal conductivity
the ability of a substance to transfer heat when there is a temperature difference
specific heat capacity
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance
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