American Pageant 17th edition - Chaps 16-19

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-CHAPTER 16-

THIS IS A SPACER, THIS IS A SPACER(16)

The southern image

Everyone owned slaves

King Cotton

• one half of all value of american exports after 1840

• 75% of all cotton for england came from the south

• The south became arrogant, believing they could manipulate the north, and that england would obey they south

• england decided to buy cotton from egpyt instead

Slave Ownership

• less than 20% of plantation owners had 100 slaves

• 5% owned around 100+ slaves

• ¾ of southerners owned no slaves

• Most southerners were subsistence farmers, but supported slavery in the hope of social mobility

Mountain Whites

• Those living in isolation within the appalachian mountains

• felt no loyalty to the planter class, supported the union

• Ex, west virginia

• People from the mountain areas, west virginia amd other states that did not bring in slavery.

• West virginia had broken off from virginia and the Union let it come into it as a free state as well as nevada

Free blacks

• found in both the North and the South, roughly 250,000.

• They were barred from certain jobs, could not testify in court, and were denied education

• Many viewed freed slaves as competition with small farmers.

• There was discrimination in both places.

Plantation slavery

• internal slave trade, valued at $2 billion by 1860.

• The cost of a slave was $1800, more in the Deep South - "Black Belt".

• Many states in the South, the blacks were the majority by about 75%. South Carolina to Louisiana

Revolts

• Denmark Vesey, 1822, South Carolina. Nat Turner, 1831, estimated a cloud of fear among white Southerners - a feeling of isolation. (Virginia)

Harriet B. Stone

• writes the book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin, in 1852.

• Influences public opinion, but not fully accurate.

• William Lloyd Garrison, newspaper editor, abolitionist, in 1833, establishes American Anti-Slavery Society. He was called "Liberator" He was beaten up by a mob for his beliefs.

• Frederick Douglass, black writer, and speaker. He and others look to politics to solve the problem of slavery.

• Sojourner Truth - works for abolition and women's rights.

South’s attitude

• They respond, saying it is a positive good, a particular institution.

• Many in the North support it.

• North bankers owed $ by planters, stood to lose $ if war breaks out.

• $300 Million was owed by late 1850s.

• New England needs cotton for their textile mills.

CHAPTER 17

THIS IS A SPACER, THIS IS A SPACER(17)

Election of 1840

• William H. Harris(whig party) wins

• Died 4 weeks into office

John Tyler

• Vice President to Harrison

• Became President after Harrisons death

• One-term president

• Conservative, but supportive of democratic party

Texas

• Still desired by mexico

• Independant, but poor

• Annexed by US in 1845

• 28th state, no formed treaty

• Resentment with the Mexican government

• Lot of animosity between texas and US government

Election of 1844

• James K. Polk(democrat) defeats Henry Clay(Whig)

• Polk from tennessee

• Hardworking, exspansionist, favored the taking of oregon and texas

• Called “young hickory”, Polk works himself to death, married to sarah

• Polk led the nation to war with mexico over issues with the southern boundaries of the country

• Polk offers to buy california from Mexico, and they turned him down flat

Manifest Destiny

• Belief that the US should control all of the land from coast to coast

Mexican War

• 1846-1848

• Mexico Refuses the US offer to buy California
  

Spot Resolution 1846

• - Border Dispute over Texas occurring, the US claims the Rio Grande, while Mexico claims the Nueces River. 
   Polk forces a fight by sending troops into contested area in Jan, 1846. 

• Shots fired in April 1846

• A. Lincoln (congressman at the time) asked for the spot where fighting occurred.

• Both sides wanted the war

• Polk asked Congress for a declaration of war

• US invades mexico and wins

Treaty of Guadalupe

• - Hidalgo - Rio Grande - Texas border, US gets land from Texas to California.

• We pay Mexico $15 Million and assume $ claims against the Mexicans.

• US gets more land than the Louisiana Purchase.

• War gave experience to young civil war officers: Lee, Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Stonewall Jackson.

• Created bad feelings against the US by Latin Americans for many years. US gets California.

-CHAP 18-

THIS IS A SPACER(18)

The David Wilmont Proviso

• Pennsylvania (1849-1850) introduced a law into congress “slavery should not exist in Mexico”, it passes in the house, but fails in the Senate.

• 1850s the South, with each passing year, becomes more sensitive and paranoid about slave labor.

• No slave labor in New Territories

Election of 1848

• Democratic General Lewis Cass, was a vet from the war of 1812, he was the governor of Michigan and served as Secretary of War under Jackson.

• Cass is beat by Zachary Taylor (Whigs party). In the late 1850s the Whig Party disintegrates.

• Taylor had settled in the Louisiana area.

• He was a slave and a plantation owner (sugar).

• He was a war hero, and he did not have any political experience.

• Both Candidates ignored the slave issue

The Mexican Cession

• land from Texas to California, taken as a result of the Mexican-American War, 1846.

• The issue-would these new territories be slave or free.

The Wilmot Proviso

• named after David Wilmot (Pennsylvania) this bill said slavery should not be taken into the new territories.

• Passed in the House but was defeated in the Senate.

Election of 1848

• Whig candidate General Zackary Taylor defeats Democrat General Lewis Cass.

• Free Soil Party runs Martin Van Buren; party says no slavery in western lands.

• Both major parties skirted the slave issue. Taylor is a Southerner and a slave owner.

• The Free Soil Party says slavery creates unfair competition against free white men.

The Balance of 1850

• 15 slave states, 15 free.

• The South dominates the Supreme Court and Presidential cabinets.

• California will tip the balance k 1850.

• The District of Columbia abolishes its slave trade

Underground Railroad

• A series of routes, safe houses and people helping runaway slaves move north to freedom.

• By 1850, about 1,000 slaves per year are escaping.

• The South becomes angry, money is lost.

Harriet Tubman

• 1820-1913

• A former slave, she will make 19 trips into the South, rescuing 300 people.

• A price put on her head, the South demands stricter fugitive slave laws.

Compromise of 1850

• Composed by Henry Clay, Stephen Douglas, ad Daniel Webster.

• Facts:
  1) California enters the union as a Free State, New Mexico and Utah open to popular sovereignty;
  2) A stronger fugitive slave law passed to please the South.

• The North does not always obey this law causing resentment in the South.

• This compromise favored the North.

Election of 1852

• Democrat Franklin Pierce defeats Whig candidate General Winfield Scott.

• Free Soil party runs John Hale of New Hampshire; he takes votes that could have gone to Scott.

• Pierce is a war veteran, from New Hampshire; he is sympathetic to the South and an expansionist.

Expansion, Cuba

• Cuba was a Spanish colony, a target of a Southern plot.

• Southerners wanted to raise an army, capture it, and transform it into slave holding states.

• the plan was exposed, the US government backed down.

Gadsden Purchase

• 1853

• this area bought by the US government helped by diplomat James Gadsden (South Carolina).

• Appointed by Secretary of Wary, Jefferson Davis.

• We pay $10 million for the bottom strip of Arizona and New Mexico.

• The South wanted a railroad there. One was built after the Civil War.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• 1854

• Pushed through Congress by Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois.

• He hoped the slave issue would be solved by popular sovereignty.

• Facts:
  1) The Compromise of 1820 was repealed.
  2) Douglas underestimated Northern opposition to this.
  3) opened the area to much violence between pro and anti-slavery groups;
  4) stimulated the growth of the Republican Party.

Election of 1856

• Democrat James Buchanan defeats Republican John C. Fremont.

• Buchanan of Pennsylvania, former ambassador to England and Russia, low-key on the slave issue.

-CHAPTER 19 -

THIS IS A SPACER (19)

Bleeding Kansas

• Pro slave forces move in, later 2 state governments elected 1 pro slave, 1 abolitionist Some move in from pro slave Missouri.

• 1856 pro slavery raiders shot up Lawrence Kansas.

John Brown

• Led anti-slave forces in Kansas, later killed 5 men in May of 1856, brought retaliation.

• 1857-pro slavers pushed through a pro-slave constitution, the Lecompton Constitution.

• Free soil supporters boycotted the election, supported by President James Buchannan.

• Senator Stephan Douglass asks for a new election - Free soilers change it back.

Charles Sumner

• He is a Senator from Massachusetts, later attacked by Senator Preston Brooks of South Carolina.

• The reason: Sumner makes insults to South & slave owners.

• Emotions run-high on both sides.

Election of 1856

• Democrat James Buchanan wins.

• Former ambassador to England not tainted by the Kansas-Nebraska Act scandal, defeats John Fremont, explorer, soldier.

• Republican Party grows slowly.

Dred Scott decision

• He is a slave taken to Illinois, sued for his freedom.

• Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney; rules against him, says property can be taken into any state.

• This insulted the memory of the Missouri Compromise. South is delighted, not the North.

Senate Race, Illinois 1858

• Douglass defeats Lincoln, but makes Lincoln famous.

• Douglass splits Democratic Party.

Raid on Harper's Ferry, Virginia Oct. 1859

• John Brown tries & fails to capture Federal arsenal, 7 peoplé killed.

• He wants to arm slaves but is captured by Colonel Robert E. Lee and marines.

• Brown is tried and hung, becomes a martyr for abolition.

election of 1860

• South believes the North is dominated by brown-loving Republicans

• Democratic Party split into pro and anti-slave groups.

• Northern Democrats nominate Stephan Douglass, Southern Democrats nominate John C. Breckinridge.

• Republicans Pominated Abraham Lincoln- he supports a protective tariff, free homesteads, and the non-extension of slavery.

• Lincoln receives 39% of popular vote, a minority president.

• South says if he is elected, they will secede from union.

• December 1860 South Carolina 1 to pull out, later 6 other states 11 total.

President James Buchanan

• still in office until March 1861.

• Does nothing, feels he does not have the authority under the Constitution.

Southern Attitude

• Felt balance of power tilted against them.

Factors:

1. Tariff

2. Underground Railroad

3. Free Soil Party

• Felt north would not fight. English & French would help - were dependent on South cotton.

• Northern banks had loaned thousands of dollars to southern planters; they vested interest in getting their money back