Biology Finals

How many species of annelids are there?

16,500

Where can annelids be found

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

What are annelids?

Earthworms

What sizes are annelids?

1 mm to 3 m

First phylum to show body segmentation

Phylum Annelida

Septa

walls of tissue that create segmentation in annelids

Which animals’ benefits agriculture?

earthworms

How do earthworms benefit agriculture?

Movement through soil during feeding aerates soil and Fecal castings improve soil texture (less compact)

How many species in Phylum Nematoda?

25,000

Where can Nematodes be found?

Wherever there is organic matter (live or decaying)

What are the 2 forms of Nematodes?

Free-living and parasitic

What is the size range of Nematodes?

microscopic to 0.5m

What is an example of a Nematode

Trichinella spiralis

Domestic Life cycle

human disease link

Sylvatic life cycle

restricted to wildlife populations

How does someone get Trichnella?

undercooked meats, commonly pork

How many species in phylum Arthropoda?

about 1 million

Where can arthropods be found?

all habitats

What does phylum Arthropoda include?

crabs, spiders, scorpions and centipedes

Segmented Appendages

aid in prey capture, locomotion, etc.

Exoskeleton

composed of chitin, protects organs and allows for attachment of muscles

Molting

Arthropods shed exoskeleton to grow

How many species in phylum Echinodermata?

about 7,000

Where can echinoderms be found?

All marine habitats

What type of skeleton do echinoderms have?

endoskeleton

What type of body symmetry do echinoderms have?

Reverts back to radical

What phylum is the first to show spines underneath the skin?

Echinodermata

What are the 2 major groups of echinoderms

Asteroidea and Echinoidea

Asteroidea are _____

sea stars

Echinioidea are _____

sea urchins and sand dollars

water vascular system and tube feet

Functions in gas exchange; locomotion and prey capture

Regeneration of lost appendages

sea stars are able to regrow limbs

Which phylum has some of the highest diversity in form?

Phylum Chordata

What phylum has the largest terrestrial animals and the largest animal ever to exist?

Phylum Chordata

What is the largest animal to ever exist?

blue whale, 190,000kg and 30m long

World’s current smallest vertebrate

Paedophryne amanuensis, 7-8mm long

How many species in phylum Chordata?

57,000

Where can chordates be found?

essentially everywhere

Notochord

a stiff rod extending from head to tail- aids in locomotion and support

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

nerve fibers extend along body on the dorsal (top) side

Pharyngeal slits and Endostyle

openings in pharynx to outer body and a mucus secreting gland at pharynx base

Muscular post-anal tail

tail extends beyond the anus

What are the 3 major groups of Chordates?

Cephalochordata, Urochordata and Vertebrata

What animals are in Cephalochordata?

Lancelets

What animals are in Urochordata?

Tunicates

What animals are in Vertebrata?

Fishes - Mammals

How many species in sub-phylum Cephalochordata?

about 32

Where can Cephalochordates be found?

Marine habitats

What kind of feeders are Cephalochordates?

Filter feeders

What are some special features of Cephalochordates?

V- shaped myomeres (blocks of muscles), Larvae are free-swimming and adults burrow into the sand

How many species in sub-phylum Urochordata?

about 2,150 species

Where can Urochordates be found?

Marine habitats

What type of feeders are Urochordates?

Filter Feeders

What are defining characteristics of Urochordates?

Larvae are free-swimming, adults attach to substrate, and they squirt water as defense when disturbed

How many species in sub-phylum vertebrata?

about 55,000

Where can vertebrates be found?

All habitats

Cranium

structure that protects the brain

What year were fossils found with unique characteristics to vertebrates?

1999

When can the cranium be found present at through fossils?

525 million years ago

What fossil defined the cranium to be found 525 mya?

Haikouella

W shaped myomeres

w shaped muscles

What fossil defined the W- shaped myomeres as a unique characteristic 525 mya?

Myllokunmingia

Vertebral Column

structure that protects the spinal cord

What is in Clade Myxini?

Hagfishes

What are defining characteristics of Clade Myxini?

no true jaw, marine scavengers and produce slime

What are in Clade Petromyzontoidea?

Lampreys

What are defining characteristics of Clade Petromyzontoidea?

No true jaw and marine/freshwater parasites

What is the first clade to have presence of a jaw?

Clade Gnathostomata

What are in Clade Chondrichthyes?

Sharks, Skates and Rays

What are defining characteristics of Clade Gnathostomata?

Presence of jaw, pair fins

What are defining characteristics of Clade Chondrichthyes?

True hinged jaw, cartilage skeleton and polyphyodont dentition, Tri-cusp tooth and serrated tooth patterns, placoid scales

polyphyodont dentition

many sets of teeth

What are in Clade Osteichthyes?

Lungfish and ray-finned fishes

What are defining characteristics of Clade Ostichthyes?

Skeleton is true bone, swim (gas) bladder, lateral line system

What does the lateral line system do?

helps fish sense water movement and prepare for predators

What are in Clade Lissamphibia?

Salamanders and Frogs

What are the defining characteristics of Clade Lissamphibia?

No scales/smooth skin, Two life stages, must usually breathe in water

What Clade has the first land vertebrates?

Clade Lissamphibia

What are the 4 methods of breathing used by Clade Lissamphibia?

through the skin, lungs, internal and external gills

What type of gills do salamanders have?

external

What type of gills do tadpoles have?

internal

How do Clade Lissamphibia usually breed?

in water

What is the first clade to be independent of water for reproduction?

Clade Amniota

Amniotic Egg

taking the water with you, surrounds embryo with fluids

Yolk Sac

provides nutrients to embryo, found in all vertebrates

Amnion

fluid filled sac surrounding embryo

Allantois

stores nitrogenous waste and functions in respiration

Shell

Protection and allows for diffusion of gases and water vapor

What is in Clade Reptilia?

Turtles, snakes, lizards and gators

What are defining characteristics of Clade Reptilia?

Scale covered body and ectothermy

What are the benefits of scales?

water retention, keratin limits skin abrasions

What are limitations of Ectothermy?

Limits activity and habitats

Examples of large species of Clade Reptilia

Saltwater croc (6m), Anaconda (9m) and Leatherback Sea turtle (340kg)

What size ranges is Clade Reptilia?

most are midsize to small

What is the smallest animal in Clade Reptilia?

Jaragua lizard (16mm)

What clade has internal fertilization of eggs?

Clade Reptilia

Oviparous

Lay eggs

What is special about how Clade Reptilia reproduce?

They are usually oviparous, but many still give birth to live young

What is in Clade Aves?

Birds

Feathers and Flight are _______

not synonymous