Chapter 1: kinesology online class

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering anatomical positioning, body positions, directional terms, planes/axes, bone and joint anatomy, bowel movement terminology, and fundamental biomechanical concepts from Chapter 1.

What is the anatomical position?

Upright posture with feet parallel and together, head upright, and palms facing forward; the reference starting position for movement analysis.

What is the fundamental position?

Very similar to anatomical position but with palms facing the sides; commonly used during walking and object manipulation.

What is the fetal position?

A curled up position in which the body is flexed and tucked in a compact posture.

What is the hook line position?

Recumbent with the person on their back, knees and hips bent, feet on the table; abdominal muscles relaxed to palpate landmarks.

What is the lateral recumbent (decubitus) position?

Lying on one side, used in imaging and certain exams; descriptive of which side you’re on.

What is the difference between prone and supine positions?

Prone is lying face down; supine is lying face up.

What is the long sitting position?

Legs straight out in front of the body.

What is the short sitting position?

Knees bent with the legs hanging off the table; less tension on the hamstrings.

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

The front of the body.

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

The back of the body.

What does superior (cephalic) mean?

Toward the head or the upper part of the body.

What does inferior (caudal) mean?

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

What does rostral mean?

Toward or near the face, especially the front of the head.

What does medial mean?

Closer to the midline of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline or toward the outside.

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body.

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Closest to the trunk or to a specified reference point.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the trunk or from a specified reference point.

What is the dorsum of the foot?

The top surface of the foot.

What is plantar surface?

The bottom surface of the foot; plantar flexion refers to pointing the toes downward.

What is the palmar surface?

The palm side of the hand (volar is another term for the palm side in some contexts).

What do dextor and sinister refer to?

Dextor = right; sinister = left.

What is anteversion vs retroversion of the hip?

Anteversion: femur points more forward. Retroversion: femur points more backward, possibly giving toe-in or toe-out appearances.

What are kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis?

Kyphosis = exaggerated posterior thoracic curve; lordosis = exaggerated anterior lumbar curve; scoliosis = lateral curvature of the spine.

What are the three cardinal planes of motion?

Sagittal (anteroposterior), Frontal/Coronal (lateral), and Transverse/Horizontal (axial).

What is scapular plane movement?

A plane slightly in front of the frontal plane (about 30–45 degrees) used to position the scapula for neutral alignment during abduction.

What is an axis of movement?

A line perpendicular to the plane of motion around which movement occurs.

What are diagonal planes?

Planes that combine traditional planes to allow diagonal movements; include high diagonal (global to upper) and low diagonal (often in sports like golf or kicking).

What are the six diarthrodial (synovial) joints?

Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Ball-and-Socket, Saddle, and Plane (gliding) joints.

What is the difference between osteokinematic (physiologic) and arthrokinematic (accessory) movements?

Osteokinematic movements are bone movements in planes; arthrokinematic movements are movements between joint surfaces (spin, roll, glide) that enable full range.

What are the three types of accessory joint motion?

Spin, Roll, and Glide.

What is the concave-convex rule?

If a convex joint surface moves over a concave surface, roll and glide occur in opposite directions; if a concave surface moves over a convex surface, roll and glide occur in the same direction.

What is static stability vs dynamic stability?

Static stability comes from bone architecture, ligaments, and joint capsules; dynamic stability comes from muscles, proprioception, and motor control.

What is the Labrum and the Menisci?

Cartilage structures that deepen sockets (labra) and improve stability in joints like the shoulder and knee (menisci in the knee).

What are Wolf's Law and Davis's Law?

Wolf's Law: bones adapt to the stresses placed on them; Davis's Law: soft tissues (ligaments, tendons, capsules) adapt to stress (stretching lengthens, immobilization tightens).

What are epiphysis and diaphysis?

Epiphysis are the ends of long bones; diaphysis is the shaft. Diaphysis is hollow with a cortex; epiphyses contain cancellous (spongy) bone.

What is the periosteum and the endosteum?

Periosteum is the outer fibrous covering of bone; endosteum lines the inner medullary cavity.

What is the medullary cavity?

The hollow center of a long bone that contains yellow marrow (fat) in adults.

What is the growth plate (epiphyseal plate)?

A thin cartilaginous region between diaphysis and epiphysis where bone grows in length; ossifies with age.

What is apophysis?

An area near a growth plate where tendons attach; can develop apophysitis (inflammation) during adolescence.

What are the main bone shapes and examples?

Long (e.g., femur), short (e.g., carpals), flat (e.g., scapula), irregular (e.g., vertebrae), and sesamoid (e.g., patella).

What is articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces that cushions and reduces friction; avascular and relies on synovial fluid for nutrition.

What is the purpose of bone composition and density?

Bones are about 70% minerals (calcium carbonate/phosphate), with water and collagen; density and mineral content affect strength and risk of osteoporosis.

What is hemopoiesis?

Production of red blood cells, primarily in red marrow within bones like the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvis, femur, and humerus.

What is a goniometer used for?

A protractor-like device used to measure joint range of motion in degrees.

What is open vs closed kinetic chain movement?

Open: distal segment moves (e.g., knee extension machine); Closed: distal segment fixed (e.g., squat).