Rise of China Final

century of humiliation

1839-1949, marked by series of defeats to foreign powers and undermining of chinese gov, ended by the establishment of ccp

1st opium war

1839, battle between british and the qing over the devestation selling opium brought society, british won

treaty of nanjing

unequal treaty china was forced to sign following 1st opium war: ceded hong kong, forced to open port cities to global trade, chinese debt, british gained extraterritoriality

2nd opium war

1856, chinese conflict against the british/french which they lost

treaty of tientsin

unequal treaty china forced to sign after 2nd opium war: legalization of opium, protection of chinese christians, foreign country increased presence (russia, france, etc)

1st sino-japanese war

1894-95, battle between china and japan over control, chinese loss and taiwan/korea taken over by japanese rule

treaty of shimonoseki

unfair treaty signed by china following 1st sino-japanese war, ceded taiwan, korea, and other lost territories to japan

george macartney

led trade to sell british goods in china, funded by east india company

qing dynasty

1644-1911, final imperial dynasty of china, 200 years of relatively stable rule under bureaucratic system until century of humiliation

qianlong emperor

1711-1799, oversaw qing propserity by rejecting international relations

white lotus rebellion

1794-1804, domestic rebellion against qing, showed qing systemic weakness

taiping rebellion

1853-64, doemestic rebellion challenging qing, demonstrated full scale internal collapse of the empire

xinhai revolution

1911, domestic uprising against the qing which officially caused their collapse

sun yat sen

head figure of xinhai revolution, formed kmt party in 1912

paris peace conference

1919-20, undermined chinese government and demonstrated willingness to cede authority to japan

kuomintang party

“revolutionary party,” formed by sun yat sen and evantually established republic of china

chinese communist party

ccp, established in 1921 under militarized and bureaucratic structures

revive china society/dongmenghui

sun yat sens campaigns of anti-foreign sentiment, especially anti-manchu

yuan shikai

president of kmt/roc who replaced sun yat sen

may 4th movement

1919, student protests founded on anti-imperialist ideology as response to paris peace conference, opening of new ideas such as democratization, maoism, lenism, etc

true story of ah q

written by lu xun, story of fictional character ah q: self-deluding, complacent man who avoids confronting social and personal realities

iron house

metaphor made by lu xun for how chinese society is like people asleep abt to suffocate in an indestructable house, compares to rigid, oppressive system where people are trapped in suffering and ignorance, and cant escape unless they take action themselves and realize their surroundings

warlordism

fracturing of china starting in 1916 due to competing warlords, decentralized authority in china

united front

1923-27, joint effort of ccp and kmt to rid warlordism from the country

northern expedition

1926-28, movement of the united from spearheaded by chiang kai shek to fight against warlords

shanghai massacre

kmt betrayed the ccp during northern expedition and attacked their forces thus weakening and forcing them to retreat inland, marked beginning of chinese civil war

chiang kai shek

ruler of kmt from 1928-75, established republic of china in nanjing and later in taiwan when kmt made full retreat to the island

nanjing decade

1927-37, portion of china under kmt/chaing kai shek control with nanjin as capital, defined by modernity efforts and urban bias

3 step program

ideology of kmt during nanjing deade: focus on military rule, tutelage and constitutional rule

new life movement

nanjing decade (1930s) ideology that embraced modernity and national identity by mobilizing citizens from the top-down

hunan report

1927, published by mao where he calls for focus on rural development because peasants are mobilizable and necessary for revolution, also notes that revolution only possible through violent means

chinese civil war

1927-49 conflict between the kmt and ccp for control over mainland china, evantual ccp victory

long march

1935, ccp retreats inland and solidifies develops party politicall and militarily under the leadership of mao

annexation of manchuria

1931-32, japanese took control over manchuria

marco polo bridge incident

japanese soldier goes missing but evantually reappears, japan blames china for this incident resulting in full scale fighting and catalyzed 2nd sino-japanese war

2nd sino-japanese war

1937-45, pause in chinese civil war to focus efforts on imperial china, kmt significantly weakened at frontlines while ccp is able to readily develop

zheng chenggong

ming general who resisted qing imperialism in taiwan as well as famously expelled dutch and spanish forces in the early-mid 17th century

zheng family

ruled over taiwan from 1662-83, taken over by qing dynasty in 1683

chen yi

appointed governor by chiang kai shek of taiwan following japans ejection from the island in 1945, ruled from 1945-49 until kmt made full retreat in which chiang kai shek took back over

yan’an governance

ccp moved inland and established capital as yan’an, governed there from 1935-45 under mao xedong

red star over china

1937 publication written by edgar snow, promoted ccp and mao to western audiences without covering true repressive nature of the regime

yan’an rectification campaign

1942-45, mao’s movement to build ccp institutions and enforce ideological discipline through political purging (violence and forced confession)

thoughts on mar 8

publication written by ding ling discussing challenges of being a women within ccp society, forced to step down from ccp newspaper position and had to revoke essay points as consequence of rectification campaign

nanjing massacre

1937-38, japanese troops killed and sexually offended thousands of chinese citizens, both parties focus efforts on ridding japanese presence on mainland

cairo declaration

1943, allied powers pledge to help eject japanese but only w chiang kai shek/kmt over involvement of ccp

joint military governance

chen yi’s style of rule on taiwan in which he highly militarized the state w/ support of us bringing kmt to the island post-japan, created distrust between kmt & native taiwanese/han chinese

228 incident

1947, anti kmt riot following police brutality was met with violent suppression (thousands of protestors killed), martial law. curfews, and rounding up of taiwanese elites

import substitution

phase 1 of kmt development on taiwan during the 1950s, tariffs made imported goods too expensive for consumers thus encourage domestic production

made in taiwan movement

ideology behind import substitution in taiwan, encouraged state focus of production domestically

export oriented growth

1960s transition away from import substitution due to recognition of taiwan’s small market size, began mass production in low end industries to export and trade w/ global market, introduced entrepreneurship

chiang ching-kuo

son of chiang kai-shek and ruler of kmt from 1978-88, known for continuing authoritarian repression but wanted to focus on upgrading taiwan into higher tech industry and taiwanization

white terror

authoritarian repression in taiwan mainly under chiang kai-shek and ching-kuo, defined by practices of martial law, censorship, restriction of assembly and opposition parties

taiwanization

assimiltion of native taiwanese into state institutions, first major developments under chiang ching-kuo

lei chen

opposition leader to the kmt, imprisoned by kmt in 1960

taiwan political review

liberal magazine discussing political state of kmt shut down by the gov in 1975

kaohsiung eight

pro-democratic activists who were arrested for their dissent efforts in 1979

kaohsiung incident

occured on int human rights day in dec 1979, a pro-democracy protest that was shut down by kmt

luh siu-len

member of kaohsiung 8, later becomes roc vice president

chen shui-bian

lawyer of luh siu-len, was taipei mayor and later became roc president as first opposition party candidate to win in 2000

chen wen-cheng

student activist killed by kmt influence while he was in the us, 1981

henry liu

investigative journalist who was assasinated while in ca by kmt influence, 1984

first five year plan

mao’s 1953-57 plan for the people’s republic of china with focus on industrialization and collectivization as inspired by soviet style planning

hundred flowers campaign

1956, mao encouraged open criticism of the ccp but public response was overwhelming

anti rightist campaign

1957, change of course from mao’s original hundred flowers campaign as he began purging dissenters

zhou enlai

premier of prc, loyal administrator to mao

liu shaoqi

president of prc from 1959-68 who was initially moderate but later purged during cultural revolution

great leap forward

mao’s 1958-62 plan for catching up to development of the rest of the world, goal of changing agrarian society to modern/industiral, but focus on grain cultivation too severe and resulted in famine/death due to quotas that left not enough food for the poor

lushan plenum

1959 meeting where defense minister peng duhai was removed for his criticism of the great leap forward

peng duhai

defense minister of prc who was removed from position for crticism of mao’s great leap forward

hai rui dismissed from office

a 1961 stageplay about ming dynasty official who criticized the emperor and then was purged from the state, was viewed as criticism of mao and was shut down representing reinforcing of ideological control

cultural revolution

mao’s mass movement from 1966-76 to purge “bourgeois” thought as a means of enforcing authority and ideological conformity

gang of four

group of powerful radical/extreme propagandists who supported mao during cultural revolution

jiang qing

wife of mao xedong, leader of gang of four

criticizng confucious and lin biao

1973-74 campaign of mao and gang of four to attack political opponents

lin biao

was named mao’s designated succesor, but was later purged for alleged coup attempt

bian zhongyun

beijing middle school official who was beaten to death by red guards for representing bourgeois authority

red guards

group of teens and young adults seeking to carry out mao’s cultural revolution ideology

hua guofeng

short lived succesor of mao following his death, arrested gang of four to consolidate power and followed continuity of mao’s governance

two whatevers

hua guofeng’s commitment to continuing whatever policy decisions and instructions mao left behind

marshal ye jianying

ccp military leader who helped arrest gang of four with hua guofeng

deng xiaoping

ruler of prc from 1978-97, once an exiled reformist who initiated ccp reform by consolidating power against hua guofeng

3rd plenum of 11th party congress

1978 meeting where deng consolidates power as new ccp leader, declares china needs to become powerful socialist country by end of century and can do so by ending revolutions/class struggles

xidan democrcy wall

1978-79, thousands of people put up "big character posters" on a long brick wall of xidan street advocating for political reform but was later taken down by deng

incremental reform

economic and social reform of the 80s under deng was done so by renewing old systems gradually to see if they were effective

household responsibility system

individuals in charge of own farming instead of collective/state, could contract land and make production decisions, farmers were allowed to keep surplus after meeting state quotas → increased productivity

township and village enterprises (tves)

businesses owned by the collective that produced for local and export markets, led to rural industrialization through providing employment and income

reform era

era of china post mao defined by major social and economic reforms under the leadership of deng xiaoping, some reforms like introduction of liberal thought were inadvertent

repressive capitalism

economic liberalization policies are accompanied by restricting political freedoms, largely ineffective as introduction of liberal thought is inevitable

anti spiritual pollution campaign

1983, conservative pushback of deng against western/liberal influence

demographic dividend

experienced in china during reform era, working population is high and dependent population is low, high production effeciency but wages are kept low

student democracy protests

began to emerge in 1986 as means of advocating for chinese adaptation of democratization

river elegy

controversial documentary in 1988 highlighting how chinese traditional culture was stagnant and the country needed to embrace western ideology to modernize

tiananmen square incident

1989, mass student led protest for political reform met w violent suppression and censorship

hu yaobang

2nd in command under deng but was seen to hold more liberal thought given his lax handling of protests, was evantually ousted in 1987 and died in 1989 which catalyzed tiananenmen square protests

southern tour

deng visited economic hot zones in south of china rom 1992-93 and urged for capitalist methods and foreign investment to develop the country faster, or else officials would be purged

3rd plenum of 14th party congress

1993, established need for a socialist market economy

dangwai movement

“non party” movement in taiwan, non-kmt political opponents gained success with the opening of local electoral competition in the 60/70s

lei chen

ex kmt official who called for democratization, was thrown out of the party

peng ming-min

taiwan native who tried to overthrow the kmt regime but was arrested, returned in 1996 to run for presidency

hsu hsin-liang

member of dangwai movement who won county magistrate position in 1977 after protests broke out in response to kmt meddling in the election