Early treaties

Who got the French throne after Louis XII died?

Francis I

Who was Francis I?

A charismatic young king who H8 saw as a personal and political rival

What was H8’s immediate response to Francis I gaining power?

Seek an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon

When did Ferdinand die?

1516

Who was Ferdinand’s accessor?

Charles V

Who did Charles V seek an alliance with?

French

What was the Treaty of Noyon?

Establishing peace with Spain and France

When was the Treaty of Noyon?

1516

What was the Treaty of Cambrai?

Charles and emperor Maximilian I agreeing a treaty with the French

How did the Treaty of Cambrai leave England?

Dangerously isolated

What was a consequence of the isolation?

It offered Francis I the opportunity to undermine Anglo-Scottish relations

Who was Duke of Albany?

Heir presumptive to the Scottish throne

Member of French nobility

How was Albany able to consolidate his power?

By being appointed regent to the Scottish throne

How was any threat from Albany minimised?

Poisonous divisions amongst the Scottish nobility

What did H8 show himself incapable of?

Exploiting the divisions and weaknesses within in Scotland

How did Wolsey end England’s isolation?

the Treaty of London

When was the Treaty of London?

1518

What did Wolsey emerge as?

Leading diplomat in western Europe

What did Pope Leo X want?

A united Christian front against threat of Ottoman Turks

Who prompted the Treaty of London?

Pope Leo X

What did the Treaty of London expand to become?

Treaty of perpetual peace and a non-aggression pact

Who was involved in the treaty of London?

England, France, Spain, and HRE, and numerous smaller states

What did future conflicts suggest?

The treaty was essentially meaningless

What did the Pope’s need for a Christian front lead to?

Appointing Wolsey as papal legate over England

When was Wolsey at the height of his power?

1518

What newfound friendship continued?

England and France

What did England agree to return to France?

Tournai

What did the French agree to pay?

The English a pension to compensate for its loss

What did French agree to do with Albany and what did it ensure?

Keep him out of Scotland and ensured more peaceful relations on the Anglo-Scottish border

What were the French concerned about?

the increased power Spain could exert with the election of the Spanish king to the post of Holy Roman Emperor

What reinforced the relations between France and England?

Field the of Cloth of Gold

When was the field of the Cloth of Gold?

June 1520

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A meeting between H8 and Francis I that lasted for 2 weeks

Where was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

In France but close to Calais that was held by England

What extravagances was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

Large retinues by each king

Lavishly decorated pavilion

Sumptuous hospitality

How did the event lose attraction in H8’s eyes?

He was defeated by Francis I in a wrestling match

How much did it estimate to cost H8’s royal treasury?

£15,000

What was achieved at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

Nothing really

Why did the Treaty of Bruges happen?

Conflict arose between Francis I and Charles V

When and what was the Treaty of Bruges?

An alliance between C5 and H8 in August 1521

Why did H8 side with C5?

He could improve his relations with Pope, who was anxious to reduce French control over northern Italy

Believed he may gain more territory within France

Part of the deal entailed a marriage alliance between emperor and H8 daughter, the princess Mary

When did English armies invade northern France?

1522 and 1523

Consequences of the French invasions/ campaigns

Gained little and proved costly

What did Parliament prove reluctant to grant?

Extraordinary revenue necessary to cover the costs

How did H8 show his lack of strategic awareness?

He attempted to benefit from the emperor’s crushing defeat of the French at the Battle of Pavia

When was the battle of Pavia?

1525

What did H8 suggest to emperor Charles?

They launch a joint invasion of Northern France in order to achieve territorial gains

Did Charles agree to this suggestion?

No

What consequences came from H8 suggestion to C5?

H8 had his ego bruised and was forced to back down

His resentment towards the emperor was reinforced when C5 repudiated his marriage contract with Princess Mary

Wolsey’s domestic prestige never recovered

What was the Battle of Pavia a crucial moment in?

The recurring conflict of the Italian Wars which lasted from 1494 to 1559 and involved conflict between France and Spain/HRE

What was the main strategic focus between France, HRE and Spain?

Italy

What main thing happened in the Battle of Pavia 1525?

Francis I was captured and held captive by Charles V

What did the fracturing of the Anglo-Imperial alliance lead to?

Henry and Wolsey go in the direction of a pro-French foreign policy

Who did H8 lend support to?

League of Cognac

What was the league of Cognac and who set it up?

Put together by the Pope to counterbalance what he considered to be the excessive power of the emperor in northern Italy after victory at Pavia

What created a complication in foreign policy?

Kings Great Matter

How did this make people view H8?

An objection of suspicion to the whole of Catholic Europe