AP BIO unit 2

types of cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cell

- no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelle

- single-celled

in bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic

membrane bound organelles, nucleus, compartmentalized

found in plants, animals, fungi, protist

similarities between the types of cells

cell membrane, ribosomes, and genetic material

Ribosome

made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Read messenger RNA(mRNA) to synthesize proteins

Free-floating or attached to rough ER

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids/hormones

detoxification of waste/poison

hold calcium

Rough ER

highly folded

packages proteins and send them to Golgi Apparatus vis transport vacuole

continuous with the nucleus and has ribosomes spotted

Golgi Apparatus

"post office of the cell"

Helps fold/modify proteins and package them into vesicles.

Sends the vesicles to their intended destination

Lysosome

Bubble full of hydrolytic enzymes that break down/digest macromolecules or waste

Also involved in apoptosis - releases enzymes that break down parts of the cell and ensure that cell dies in a controlled way

Peroxisome

lipid hydrolysis

use catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide

Vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

(vacuoles in plants are large and help maintain plant cell shape: turgor pressure )

Take in food (endocytosis. phagocytosis)

Take in liquid(Pinocytosis)

take in hormones and proteins (Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis)

Protein Secretion

REGular VIdeo Chat

R: Ribosomes on Rough ER synthesize proteins

Round ER helped fold the protein and package them to Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus packages protein into Vesicles

Vesicles transport to the cell membrane

Cell membrane - vesicles fuses and allow protein to leave

Mitochondria (structure)

made of inner/outer membrane, matrix (inside cristae/gel like), and cristae (inner membrane folded)

Mitochondria function

ATP production/Cell Respiration

How does mitochondria make ATP

some in glycolysis (start) , some in matrix(Krebs/Citric cycle), most in Cristae (through Electron Transport via oxidative Phosphorylation)

Central Vacuole (function and where)

stores molecules, waste products, and water - big and enable growth

maintain proper water pressure (turgor) by filling up with water and pressing against wall

Contractile Vacuole

controls balance of water levels in cell by taking in/out water

found in protists

Chloroplast (structure)

"poker chip" = thylakoid

"stack of chips" = granum

fluid outside the granum = stroma

thylakoid membrane

Where do the light dependent and independent reactions take place, what do they do?

Light dependent: thylakoid (chlorophyll, and use photosystem)

Independent (Calvin/Dark Cycle) : stroma

what does chlorophyll in thylakoids do

convert light to chemical energy

store energy by carrying chemical energy that is used in calving cycle to make glucose

where does citric acid cycle take place

in the matrix

where does electron transport chain take place in cell respiration

oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane (cristae)

Where does the electron transport chain in photosynthesis take place?

thylakoid membrane

what does the electron transport chain do

Convert electron to ATP energy

Where is ATP synthesized in photosynthesis?

thylakoid /granum

SA:V ratio SA/V

the larger the SA: V ratio the better

High SA for more nutrients

Low V for better efficiency

Increase in SA affects V how ?

cell increase in size, the volume increases more, leading to a lower ratio

8How can a cell increase surface area without increasing the volume?

Folding, compartmentalization, and Microvilli which are structures that increase SA

How can an increase in surface affect heat exchange?

greater surface area = better aids in regulating temperature by improving staying cool or staying warm

Easily get heat because of SA or easily lose heat

Cell Membrane what is it made of

Phospholipids, Proteins, Carbs(exterior), Cholesterol (scattered within bilayer (in between phospholipids)

types of proteins in cell membrane

Integral - partially EMBEDDED in the membrane

Peripheral - attached the the inside or outside SURFACE

Transmembrane - all the way through the membrane

glycolipid and glycoprotein

carbs that are connected to phospholipid or protein

orientation of cell membrane

Head - hydrophilic/polar = outside

Tail - hydrophobic/nonpolar = inside

How does the phospholipid bilayer maintain the internal environment of a cell?

Selective permeability - only lets in small, nonpolar, and steroid hormones molecules to go in (without any help)

function of membrane proteins

transport, cell signaling, holding cell in place

define fluid mosaic model

made of many components

fluid (move laterally side to side)

What is the function of steroids in the plasma membrane?

Regulate membrane fluidity in response to temp changes

Stability

Rafts

What is the function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

Allow cross-linking of cells which gives the tissues strength

Cell recognition

Carbs Attached to the phospholipid protein

What is the function of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

Facilitate cell-to-cell adhesion and recognition

Attached to a phospholipid

Cell-to-cell recognition (ID)

What types of materials can easily pass through the membrane?

small, nonpolar, small steroid hormones

Why does this type of material easily pass through the membrane?

properties match the membranes inside (of bilayer)

What types of materials require a protein to pass through the membrane?

why ?

- large, polar molecules, or ions (charged)

They are larger, can't interact with hydrophobic interiors, and some ions need energy.

True or False? Any molecule can use any transport protein.

F

What types of materials require a vesicle for export or a food vacuole for import?

bulk transport or larger material

what is cell WALL and what type of cells have the m

rigid structure made of complex carbs

Plants, fungi, and bacteria

How does the cell wall maintain cell structure?

interconnected network of cellulose fiber, proteins, and polysaccharides.

How does the cell wall protect the cell from hypotonic solutions?

the cell wall creates rigid structure to maintain lysis

or

Turgor pressure - as water goes into the cell, it fills the central vacuole, pushing the membrane against the cell wall. (keeping it upright)

How do materials pass through the cell wall?

Diffusion, endocytosis, transport protein, channels and pores

What composes the cell wall of a plant?

Cellulose

What composes the cell wall of a fungi?

chitin

What composes the cell wall of a prokaryote?

Peptidoglycan

passive transport

diffusion and facilitated diffusion : things move across cell membrane without energy (going with concentration gradient )

active transport

things moving across cell membrane with the help of energy ADN membrane protein (transport protein) - go against concentration gradient

example of active transport

potassium sodium pump - 3 sodium ions out, 2 potasium in

What is a concentration gradient?

regions along which the density of a substance increases or decreases.

How does concentration move

oncentration will move from high to low concentration until reaches equilibrium (or it could also move from low to high via active transport)

What causes a concentration gradient?

When a solute is more concentrated than in one area than another. - a membrane separates two different concentrations of molecules

3 endocytosis

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (taking in hormones, and proteins)

How do large amounts of water pass through the membrane?

aquaporins (channel protein)

How do charged molecules or ions pass through the membrane?

membrane proteins - active transport OR passive transport (depends on which way of the concentration)

How do the passage of ions affect the membrane potential?

it affects membrane potential by altering the distribution of charges. For example, sodium entering will make it more positive, while potassium entering will make it negative

How does the Na+/K+ ATPase maintain the membrane potential?

Active transport 3 sodium ions out, 2 potassium ions in

Concentration gradient higher Na outside, higher K in side

hypotonic

less solution, more water

hypertonic

more solution, less water

which way does solution move

hypo to hypertonic

in other words high water to low water

water potential

high to low

osmoregulation

The control of water balance.

regular diffusion vs facilitated

regular - nonpolar, small

facilitated - larger but still small, POLAR, charged, with membrane protein

active transport. /

need energy more polar and large (+ ions)

things like exo/endocytosis

endosymbiosis theory

a previously free-living (photosynthetic or anaerobic) prokaryote was engulfed by another cell through endocytosis. After living together, instead of digesting, it was mutually beneficial The once free-living prokaryote lost its independent functionality and became mito and chloro

Eukaryotic cells developed when ancient cells engulfed free-living prokaryotic cells, which then became important parts of the eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

endosymbiosis evidence

double membrane, DNA, ribosomes, autonomous/reproduce on own

what organelle synthesizes cytolisc proteins

free ribosomes

what evidence do we have the chemosynthetic prokaryotes engulfed first

all eukaryotes have mitochondria but not all eukaryotes have a chloroplast

why are eukayotic cells larger

they compartmelaized membrane bound organelle which allow for the increased size of the cell

waht binds to the small subunit of ribosome

mRNA

what do cholesterol do for cell membrane

temp buffer

keep it togther

waht binds with ribosomes to start translation

mRNA

what binds with thje large subunit of ribosome

tRNA

how to find water potential

solute potential + pressure potential

How to find solute potential

-iCRT

i = ionization constant (how many ions a substance dissolves into

C = molar concentration (M)

R = pressure constant = 0.0831

Temp (K) = (Celsius + 273 )

Pure Water solute = 0

Sugar solute = 1

Salt solute = 2