AP World 3-4

Qing Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (1644–1912) ruled by Manchus.

Queue

Braided hairstyle showing loyalty to Qing rule.

Neo-Confucianism

Confucian revival stressing order and hierarchy.

Sacred Edicts

Qing laws promoting Confucian morals.

Ottoman Empire

Muslim empire controlling Anatolia and southeastern Europe.

Anatolia

Core Ottoman region (modern Turkey).

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman gun-using soldiers.

Devshirme

System taking Christian boys for Ottoman service.

Suleyman the Magnificent

Ottoman ruler who expanded and reformed the empire.

Tax farming

Selling tax collection rights.

Safavid Empire

Persian empire that enforced Shia Islam.

Sunnis vs. Shia

Split in Islam over leadership succession.

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire ruling much of India.

Akbar

Mughal ruler known for tolerance.

Shah Jahan

Mughal ruler who built the Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal

Monumental Mughal tomb.

Islamization

Spread of Islam.

Sikhism

Religion blending Hindu and Islamic ideas.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal states using firearms.

Mexica / Aztec

Powerful Mesoamerican empire.

Tribute

Payments from conquered peoples.

Romanovs

Ruling dynasty of Russia.

Yasak / Soft Gold

Fur tax collected by Russia.

Peter the Great

Russian ruler who modernized Russia.

Westernization

Adopting Western European ideas.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose group of German states.

Martin Luther

Critic of the Catholic Church known for the 95 Theses (1517).

Protestant Reformation

Movement to reform the Catholic Church.

Indulgences

Payments to reduce punishment for sins.

Heretic

Person opposing church doctrine.

Anglican Church

English Protestant church.

Henry VIII

King who broke from the Catholic Church.

Calvinism

Protestant faith stressing predestination.

Predestination

Doctrine that God has already chosen who is saved.

Habsburgs

Powerful European ruling family.

Huguenots

French Protestants.

Louis XIV

Absolute monarch of France.

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious tolerance for Huguenots.

Spanish Inquisition

Catholic enforcement of orthodoxy.

Thirty Years’ War

European religious war.

Defenestration of Prague

Event that started the Thirty Years' War.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church's response to Protestantism.

Jesuits

Catholic missionaries and educators.

Divine Right

Belief that kings rule by God's will.

Versailles

Palace symbolizing absolutism.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sponsored Portuguese exploration.

Caravel / Fluyt / Carrack

Ships for long-distance trade.

Lateen sail

Triangular sail that improved navigation.

Astrolabe

Navigation tool using the stars.

Mercator maps

Maps preserving direction.

Columbus

Opened European contact with the Americas.

Magellan

Led the first circumnavigation of the Earth.

Da Gama

Reached India by sea.

Drake

English explorer and privateer.

Cartier

Explored Canada.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors.

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztecs.

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas.

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor during the conquest.

Encomienda

Spanish system using Indigenous labor.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, people, and disease.

New Spain

Spanish colony in Mexico.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Mercantilism

Economic system favoring exports over imports.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Europe.

Creoles

Europeans born in the colonies.

Mestizos

People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.

Castas system

Racial hierarchy in colonial Latin America.

Joint-stock companies

Businesses funded by investors.

Mit’a

Forced labor system.

Hacienda

Large estate.

Chattel slavery

Permanent inherited slavery.

Indentured servitude

Contracted labor.

Indian Ocean trade

Afro-Eurasian trade network.

Swahili Arabs

East African traders.

Gujarati

Indian merchants.

Omani

Arabian traders.

Javanese

Southeast Asian traders.

Dutch East India Company

Major European trading company.

Tokugawa Japan

Stable Japanese rule by shoguns.

Shogun

Military ruler of Japan.

Sakoku

Japanese isolation policy.

Triangular Trade

Atlantic trade network.

Middle Passage

Voyage of enslaved Africans.

Nzinga Mbemba (King Afonso)

Christian African king who worked with Portugal.

Ana Nzinga

African queen who resisted Portuguese control.

Maroons / Marronage

Communities of escaped enslaved people.

Metacom’s War

Native resistance in New England.

Pueblo Revolt

Indigenous uprising against Spanish rule.

Fronde

Revolts against the French monarchy.

Cossacks

Russian frontier warriors.

Boyars

Russian nobles.