AP Biology Chapter 9: Cell Reproduction (Mitosis) - Majoros

Cell cycle

series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

chromosome

Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins; contains thousands of genes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A complex macromolecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes; instructions to make proteins

binary fission

type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryote replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

Prokatyote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; ex. bacteria

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; ex. plants, animals, fungi, YOU

homologous chromosomes

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

Chromatid

thick condensed DNA; how DNA is stored during Mitosis to keep it organized; one half of a set of "sister chromatids"

Centromere

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell cycle during which cell divides

Interphase (Mitosis)

The "normal" growth phase of the cell, when DNA replication happens

Prophase (mitosis)

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centriole moves to poles, nuclear membrane dissolves

Metaphase (mitosis)

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase (Mitosis)

sister chromatids are pulled apart

Telophase (mitosis)

Nuclei begins to reform around separated chromosomes

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Centrioles

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Spindle Fibers

Protein structures the comes from the centrioles which move the chromosomes during cell division.

cell plate

In a plant cell, midline of dividing cells. Becomes the cell wall eventually.

Organism

An individual living thing

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

parent cell

original cell before cell division

daughter cell

The cells that are produced as a result of mitosis. These cells are identical to each other, and also to the original parent cell.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Chromatin

thin, threadlike DNA; how DNA is during interphase

Replication

process of copying DNA prior to cell division; making an identical copy

Life Functions of Mitosis

Growth & Repair, reproduction of single cells

Growth

The function of mitosis that allows multicellular organisms to get larger; more cells are dividing than dying

Repair

The function of mitosis that allows multicellular organism to maintain and repair itself by replacing damaged cells; same number of cells made as are dying

Cancer / Tumor

uncontrolled cell division; many more cells are being made than are dying

Reproduction

A function of mitosis in which one cell makes two identical daughter cells

Prometaphase (Mitosis)

The nuclear membrane disintegrates. Spindle microtubules attach to chromatids at the kinetochores.

G1 checkpoint

checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

G2 checkpoint

asses if DNA replication has occurred, go ahead signal triggers mitosis

M checkpoint

cell monitors spindle formation and attachment to kinetochores

cleavage furrow

The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell

Cyclins + CDKs → activate MPF

Promote cell division.

Kinetochores

protein complexes associated with centromeres

p53

Protein that halts cell division when DNA damage is present, allowing time for repairs.

Proto-oncogenes

normal genes that play essential roles in regulating cell growth, division, and differentiation

oncogenes

mutated versions of proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to tumor formation.