Infant Growth and Development

Maternal Child Week 3

1 Month Old Fine Motor Skills

Hand Closed

Strong Grasp reflex

1 month old Gross motor

Marked head lag

Can turn head side to side

Kicks legs

Waves arms

Rounded back when sitting

1 month old Milestones

Vision 20/100

watches parents’ face intently when talking

develops attachment to parents

Recognizes smell of moms

Quiets when hears a familiar voice

Prefers sweet taste

Cries to express needs

2 month old Fine motor skills

Hands often left open

Grasp absent

Bats at objects

Pulls at clothes

2 month gross motor skills

Can slightly lift head when prone

2 month old milestones

Social Smile

Distinct cries

Follows dangling objects

Looks for sounds

Consoled by holding or spoken to

Interactive with parents via peek-a-boo or patty cake

3 month Old Fine motor

Holds rattle

Wont reach for toys

3 month Old Gross motor

Has slight head lag

3 month old Milestones

Follows objects

Locates sounds

Recognizes familiar people

4 month old Fine motor

Plays with hands

Reaches for objects

4 month old Gross motor

Head Control

4 month old Milestones

Laughs aloud

Demands attention

Anticipates feedings

5 month old Fine motor

Grasps objects voluntarily

5 month old Gross motor

Can roll over

Sits in a high chair

5 month old Milestones

Smiles at mirror image

Responds to conversations with sounds

Recognizes own name

6 month old fine motor

Palmar grasp of objects

6 month old Miles stones

Imitates sounds; Babbling; Briefly searches for objects

7 month old Fine motor

Transfers objects from one hand to the other

7 month old Gross motor

Sits supported; Stands with help

7-month-old Milestones

Starting to talk: baba, dada; Increased fear of strangers; Starting to learn cause and effect with toys

8 month old Fine motor

Starts to use pincer grip

8 month old Gross motor

Sits unsupported

8 month old Milestones

Responds to no

9 month old Fine motor

Crude pincer grasp established

Compares two objects like cubes

9 month old Gross motor

Creeps (on belly) using hands and knees; Pulls to standing

9 month old Milestones

Understand “no-no”; Fear of going to bed or being alone;

10 month old Fine motor

Moves from prone to sitting position

10 month old Milestones

Develops object permanence and looks for things if they see it hidden; Dada and mama have meaning

11 month old milesones

Plays peek-a-boo; Play with others (roll ball when asked); Expresses joy & frustration

11 month old Fine motor

Good pincer grasp; deliberately drops objects; Object manipulation

11 month old Gross motor

Walks holding onto furniture

12 month old Fine motor

Tries to build a tower of 2 blocks

12 month old Gross motor

Walks holding one hand

12 month old milestones

Searches for object that has not been hidden; 3-5 words; Shows other emotions (jealousy); explores environment away from parent; follows one-step directions; Shakes head no and waves;

Caregivers role in meeting psychosocial needs of infant

Responds to give a sense of security and well-being

Respond in kind to what emotions the infant is presenting to help validate emotions

Psychosocial Development of 0-2 months

Responds to anyone

Psychosocial Development 8-12 weeks

Responds to mother

Psychosocial Development 6-7 months

Strong connection to Mom; fear of strangers

Psychosocial Development of 12 month old

Aware of others ; tracking parents and others

Trust vs Mistrust Time period

Infancy birth - 18 months

Trust Vs mistrust Important Event

Feeding

Trust vs Mistrust Outcome

Child develops a sense of trust when caregiver provides reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this develops mistrust

Infant Malnutrition

●see with poverty and lack of knowledge; infants need formula up to 12 months and then whole milk;

Infant Allergies

food: nuts, eggs, wheat, shellfish, soy – teach to avoid allergens and allergies get worse with each exposure – with anaphylaxis treat with epi pen and support airway.

Failure to thrive

infant is not growing due to inadequate calories or inability to use available calories. Often the child is below the 5^th percentile, but this is not a definitive dx criteria. Look for an infant loosing weight based up on a growth chart or not gaining based upon a growth chart. 

What causes inadequate calorie intake, absorption, or excessive expenditure?

Goal is to provide adequate calories

Diaper Dermatitis

diaper rash – due to prolonged exposure to an irritant (urine, feces, ointment or diaper itself). Candida albicans should be considered with repeat diaper rash that won’t go away with other interventions (extra rinsing when cleaning perianal area, frequent diaper changes, change diaper brands, change ointment )

Seborrheic dermatitis

cradle cap – best prevented with good scalp hygiene

Colic

●5-20% of infants;

rule of 3’s (crying more than 3 hrs/day, more than 3 days/week, for more than 3 weeks).

Assessment: infant’s diet, breastfeeding mom’s diet, time of day for crying, relationship of crying to feeding, family members habits in presence of crying, activity of caregiver before, during and after crying, characteristics (duration and intensity) of cry, what makes crying better, infants voiding and stooling, and sleeping habits. 

Support caregiver’s frustration; risk for shaken baby syndrome

SIDS

cause unknown; not caused by sleep apnea or vaccines.

Risk factors: maternal smoking ,co-sleeping, prone sleeping (on stomach), soft bedding. 

Infant risk factors: low birth weight, low Apgar scores, recent viral illness, siblings with SIDS, males, American Indian, Africa-American. No way to predict. 

Prevent with sleeping on back and avoid other risk factors.

Support parent’s grief, family-centered approach.

Amount of sleep needed for infants

12-16 hours

Infant stomach capacity at one day

Size of a cherry

5-7 mls

1-2 tbs

Infant stomach Capacity at 3 days

Size of walnut

22-27 mls

0.75 - 1 oz

Infant stomach capacity at 1 week

45-60 ml

1.5-2 oz

Infant stomach capacity at 1 month

2.5 - 5 oz