Unit 7 Chapter 18 APHG

Industrialization

Related to industry; can cause urbanism; more mechanization; mass production; provides more jobs; advancements of EsPN; pollution; creates more dense populations.

Cottage Industry

A type of industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, not factories.

Cottage Industry Characteristics

Everything done by hand; families worked together; no supervision or schedule; slow and inefficient.

The Industrial Revolution

A social and economic shift caused by the dramatic increase of manufacturing productivity.

Industrial Revolution Origin

Began in Britain in the 1700s.

Industrial Revolution Characteristics

Characterized by the introduction of power-driven machines to replace hand tools.

Contributing Factors of Industrialization

Abundance of natural resources; availability of human capital; internal political stability; stable trade relationships; high demand for goods; new technologies.

Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

Originated in Britain in the 1700s and spread outwards through Europe; by early 1900s reached all of Europe, Japan, parts of China and South America.

Industrialization and Landlocked Countries

Most landlocked countries ended up becoming less developed due to the pattern of industrialization being along the coasts.

Important New Technologies

Steam Engine; railways and steam ships; electricity; steel; cotton gin; spinning jenny.

Social Effects of Industrialization

Higher child mortality rate; higher interaction between countries; racial oppression within social hierarchy.

Political Effects of Industrialization

Formation of political theories (Communism, capitalism, etc.); more government institutions; more government corruption.

Environmental Effects of Industrialization

Pollution; abundance of resources leading to overuse; increased land usage.

Urban Sprawl

Domain expansion leading to urban infill.

Time-space compression

Increased interaction and connectivity between distant places.

Military Capability Increase

More military capability as a result of industrialization.

Unsafe Working Conditions

People exposed to dangerous materials due to industrial practices.

Bid-rent Theory

More bid-rent theory in action due to urbanization and industrialization.

Rising Tensions Between Countries

Competing for resources leading to increased tensions.

Modern Redlining

A practice that involves the systematic denial of services to certain areas based on race or socioeconomic status.

Alteration of the Landscape

Changes in the physical environment due to the establishment of factories near power sources and transportation routes.

Evolution of Agriculture

The transformation of farming practices through improvements in machinery and the Enclosure Movement, leading to increased productivity.

Population Growth

The increase in human population, which more than doubled due to food surplus and medical advancements.

Urbanization

The movement of workers to cities to work in factories, resulting in overcrowding and low living standards.

Environmental Impacts

Negative effects on the environment, including air and water pollution due to industrial activities.

Social Structure

The organization of society into classes based on job specialization, leading to new social dynamics and mobility.

New Ideas

Innovations in science, medicine, and technology that emerged during industrialization, including the expansion of education.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, driven by industrial needs for raw materials.

Distribution of Wealth

The growing economic disparity between wealthy industrialized nations and poorer non-industrialized countries.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

A phase characterized by advancements in AI, robotics, genome editing, and 3-D printing.

Economic Sectors

Categories of economic activity, including primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors.

Primary Sector

The sector focused on the extraction of natural resources, such as farming, mining, and fishing.

Secondary Sector

The sector that processes resources into products, including manufacturing and construction.

Tertiary Sector

The sector involved in selling and transporting products, including marketing and retail.

Quaternary Sector

The sector focused on research and transfer of knowledge, including education and IT.

Quinary Sector

The sector that involves high levels of decision-making, including roles like CEOs, judges, and politicians.

Less developed countries

Greater percentage of labor force is employed in primary sector.

Middle income countries

Secondary sector accounts for most economic activity.

More developed countries

A greater percentage of labor force works in tertiary or quaternary/quinary sectors.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders per year.

Dual Economies

Two distinct divisions of economic activity across the economic sectors.

Brownfields

Sites of abandoned factories that have the potential to become a hazardous waste or pollutant.

Rust Belt

The US region hit hardest by deindustrialization, located in the Northeast around the Great Lakes.

Impact of Factory Closures

Factory closures can lead to decline or even abandonment of entire communities (mass unemployment, abandonment, no tax revenue).

Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)

A term used to describe a country whose level of economic development ranks somewhere between developing and highly developed countries.

Emerging Economies

Increased personal freedom, greater social mobility.

Least Cost Theory

Theory that attempts to predict the location of manufacturing relative to the location of necessary raw materials and the market. Explains the geographic distribution of economic industrial activities.

Assumptions of Least Cost Theory

The area is an isotropic plane. The population is homogenous. Labor is immobile and unlimited. Markets have unlimited demand and perfect competition. Products are shipped to a single market. Transportation costs are determined by weight of the items and distance they will be shipped.

Key Idea of Least Cost Theory

Factory owners need to balance three factors when deciding where to open a factory: Transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration.

Transportation

Raw materials get transported to the factory and finished goods get transported to the market.

Break of Bulk

A location where goods are transferred from one means of transportation to another.

Break of bulk points

Centers of industry that allow businesses to save on transportation costs.

Front Offices

Offices for an executive branch of workers, usually located in somewhere highly visible and important (expensive).

Back Office

Cheaper office spaces typically for non-executive employees, linked to the front office via technology.

Offshoring

When companies locate their back offices in other countries due to lower cost of operation.

Labor Force

Different industries require different kinds of labor, including skilled and unskilled labor.

Labor-Oriented Industries

Industries that locate close to major training institutions.

Outsourcing

Contracting work out to non-company employees or other companies.

Cost of Land

The price and demand for real estate increases the nearer it is to the central business district.

Bid-Rent Theory

The price and demand for real estate increases the nearer it is to the central business district.

Flexibility

The ability of a business to pack up and move to a new location quickly and easily.

Footloose Business

A business that can pack up and leave for a new location quickly and easily, typically tech-centric.

Weight of Raw Materials

Raw materials are heavier than the final product, so companies should locate manufacturing near the source.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry where the final product is heavier than the inputs, leading companies to locate factories near the market.

The Locational Triangle

A model where the market is at one location and resources are at two others, forming a triangle.

Agglomeration

The spatial grouping of businesses in order to share costs and resources.

Weber's Theory

A theory that suggests companies should minimize transportation and labor costs and maximize agglomeration.

Criticisms of Weber's Theory

Assumptions of Weber's theory often do not hold true in reality, such as isotropic plains and fixed labor.

Industrial Parks

A collection of manufacturing facilities found in suburbs and located close to highways to facilitate movement of raw materials.