MGMT 3000 Guhde Exam 3

what follows planning?

organizing the vertical structure

srategy defines _________ , organizing defines _____________

how to achieve goals; how it will be done in terms of resources

organization structure includes (3)

1. set of formal tasks assigned to individuals/departments

2. formal reporting relationships

3. design of systems to ensure effective coordination of employees across departments

division of labor

degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into separate jobs; also called worker specialization

work specialization/division of labor is a component of...

weber's bureaucracy and fayol's general principles of management

chain of command

unbroken line of authority that links all employees in an org and who reports to whom

authority is the formal and legitimate right of a manager to do what three things?

1. make decisions

2. issue orders

3. allocate resources to achieve outcomes/goals

3 characteristics of authority

1. vested in organizational positions, not people

2. flows down the vertical hierarchy

3. accepted by subordinates

line authority

managers have formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates; connected via a line on the org chart

line departments

perform tasks that reflect the organization's mission; generate revenue

in most restaurants, which would be a line positon

servers and cooks

staff authority

authority that includes right to advise, recommend, and counsel in the staff's specialists' area of expertise

staff departments

support line departments; cost center

span of management

number of employees reporting to a supervisor

less supervision (larger spans of control) depends on... (8)

1. work is stable/routine

2. subordinates perform similar work

3. subordinates are in one location

4. subordinates are highly trained

5. rules and procedures are defined

6. support systems and personnel are available

7. few nonsupervisory activities

8. manager prefers a large span

tall structure

span of management is narrow and therefore has many hierarchical levels; many levels of management

flat structure

span of management is wide and therefore has few hierarchical levels; fewer layers of management

major distinction b/t tall and flat structure

tall structure has more managers even with the same number of employees as a flat structure

what determines whether an organization is flat or tall?

span of management

centralization

decision authority is located near the top of the organization

decentralization

decision authority is pushed downward to lower organization levels

what two things in the environment are associated with decentralization?

rapid change and uncertainty

what requires centralization?

crisis

departmentalization

basis for grouping positions into departments and departments into the total org

5 approaches of departmentalization

1. functional

2. divisional

3. matrix

4. team

5. virtual network

vertical functional approach

positions grouped into departments based on similar skills, expertise and resource use

divisional approach

departments are grouped together based on similar organizational outputs such as product/service or geographic factors

matrix approach

combines aspects of both functional and divisional structures simultaneously, in the same part of the organization; improved coordination and information

would henri fayol approve of the matrix approach?

no, it violates unity of command

the matrix approach creates...

inefficiency because it is hard to report to two people at the same time

team approach

cross-functional teams: consist of employees from various functional departments who are responsible to meet as a team and resolve mutual problems

network approach

a company can concentrate on what it does best and contract out other activities to companies with distinctive competence in those specific areas, which enables a company to do more with less

once people are departmentalized into separate departments, there is a need for...

coordination

coordination

managerial task of collaborating across department

collaboration

join effort b/t people from two or more departments to produce outcomes that meet a common goal or shared purpose and that are typically greater than what could be achieved working alone - to achieve synergy

human capital

economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees

per drucker, our economy has shifted from a dependence on...

workers who do manual labor to knowledge workers

strategic role of human resource management (2)

1. HR drives organizational performance

2. human capital cited as the top factor in competitive success

top 3 factors for maintaining competitive success

1. human capital - 71%

2. customer relationships - 66%

3. product/service innovation - 52%

3 HRM-related strategic issues for managers

1. hiring the right people to become more competitive on a global basis

2. hiring the right people for improving quality, innovation, and customer service

3. knowing the right people to retain after mergers, acquisitions, or downsizing

human capital as a source of competitive advantage (3)

1. human capital value

2. rareness

3. immutability

strategic human resource management goals

1. attract - finding the right people

2. maintain - maintain an effective workforce

3. motivate - manage talent

affirmative action

requires employers to take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups

equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC)

created to assist orgs and employees in the understanding and enforcement of employment law

employment law exists at what level of gov?

federal, state, and local

what is the most significant law regarding EEO?

title VII of the civil rights act of 1964

title VII of the civil rights act of 1964

forbids discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in all areas of the employment relationship

what does sex include?

pregnancy, sexual identity, and sexual orientation

sexual harassment in the workforce is an important concern of everyone in the workplace. any incidence of sexual harassment is a violation of the...

title VII of the civil rights act of 1964

family and medical leave act

requires employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for childbirth, adoptions, or family emergencies

equal pay act

prohibits gender-based differences in pay for substantially equal work

patient protection and affordable care act

firms with 50+ employees must give their employees healthcare or get a fee; prevents insurers from denying coverage based on preexisting; aka obamacare

social contract b/t employer & employee 50 years ago

-trend was that employees stayed in the same job in the same company for their entire career

-companies rewarded employees' loyalty by offering job stability, a decent wage, and benefits

social contract b/t employer & employee today

-more mobile, less loyal, and more diverse

-in part shaped by the gig/1099 economy (ex. uber driver)

blind hiring

managers focus on an applicant's job skills and performance rather than educational credentials, appearance, or prior experience

what can be used to reduce bias in hiring deicisons?

AI

4 common HR tasks ChatGPT can do

1. generate relevant interview questions

2. provide real-time support to new hires by answering questions about company policies, procedures, benefits

3. send announcements and reminders to employees

4. develop employee surveys

nearly ______ use AI to support HR-related activities; ______ of these companies use AI for recruiting and hiring purposes

1 in 4; 80%

why did amazon eliminate their AI recruiting tool?

it discriminated against women; learned bias from different sources

employer brand

promoting an org as a highly desirable place to work

matching model

match b/t what the org has to offer and the needs of the individual

in the matching model, jobs are characterized by their...

requirements and rewards

in the matching model, individuals are characterized by their...

qualifications (KSAOs) and motivation

4 steps to attracting an effective workforce

1. HR planning

2. recruiting source

3. selection

4. new employee

HR planning

forecasting of HR needs and the projected matching of individuals with expected job vacancies

HR planning - 3 questions

1. what new technologies are emerging, and how will these affect the work system and employees needed?

2. how is the volume of the business likely to change in the next five to ten years?

3. what is the turnover rate, is any avoidable?

job analysis

systematic process of gathering/interpreting info about the essential duties, tasks, responsibilities, and context of a job

develop the ______ based on the job analysis

job posting

realistic job preview (RJP)

gives applicants all pertinent/realistic info about the job and the org; contributes to employee satisfaction and reduces turnover bc RJPs facilitate matching people to positions

3 most frequently used selection devices

1. application form

2. interview

3. employment test

about _____ of recruiters use video technology in the interview process

60%

one-way video interview platforms

receive questions on the screen and then record answers

2 advantages of one-way video interview platforms

1. save companies and candidates' time

2. help eliminate human bias

structured interview

set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so comparisons can easily be made

behavioral questions

ask people to describe how they have performed a certain task or handled a particular problem

training and development is extra important to...

knowledge workers

training

teaching employee the skills, abilities, and knowledge to perform current job

development

developing employees for future promotions

performance maangement

observing/evaluating employee performance, recording assessments, and providing feedback

compensation

all direct and indirect financial payments plus all awards given to employees

hourly employees are entitled to...

overtime

pay-for-performance

higher performance = higher pay raise; motivates employees

across-the-board

everyone gets the same pay increase; rewards low performers

4 benefits required by law

1. social security

2. unemployment compensation

3. workers' compensation

4. health insurance

additional benefits

offered to attract and maintain an effective workforce (ex. vacation, holidays, retirement, educational reimbursement, etc)

exit interviews

can be used to learn about dissatisfaction and the reason for departure

diversity of thought

aka cognitive diversity; achieved when a manager creates a heterogenous team made up of individuals with diverse characteristics who bring different ideas, viewpoints, and ways of thinking/reasoning

5 factors shaping personal bias

1. unconscious bias

2. prejudice

3. discrimination

4. stereotypes

5. ethnocentrism

unconscious bias

attitudes/stereotypes that affect our understanding/actions without our conscious knowledge

prejudice

tendency to view people who are different as being deficient

discrimination

acting out prejudicial attitudes toward other people who are targets of an individual's prejudice

stereotypes

rigid, exaggerated, irrational belief associated with a particular group of people

ethnocentrism

belief that one's own group/culture is inherently superior to other groups/cultures

monoculture

a culture that accepts only one way of doing things and one set of values/beliefs

ethnorelativism

belief that groups/subcultures are inherently equal

pluralism

environment in which the org accommodates several subcultures

glass ceiling

invisible barrier that exists for women that limits their upward mobility in orgs

do we need a law to get rid of the gender wage gap?

no, there are already 3

women's leadership style might be better managers because...

of a more collaborative, less hierarchical, relationship-oriented approach in tune with today's global and multicultural environment

companies believe that diversity initiatives have many benefits (5)

1. maintain competitive advantage

2. improve employee morale

3. decrease interpersonal conflict

4. facilitate progress in new markets

5. increase creativity