Biology 120 Notes (Part 21) Continuing the Discussion on Mutations and Starting Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

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Biology

20 Terms

1

Transcription

________ is the first step of protein synthesis and occurs in the nucleus.

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2

Initiation

________ occurs when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter.

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3

Translation

________ takes place in the cytoplasm and is the last step of protein synthesis.

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4

termination

In ________, the stop sequence causes the RNA polymerase to release the newly formed RNA strand.

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5

Induced mutations

___________ are caused by mutagens (environmental factors that alter base composition of DNA.

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6

DNA

________ is the template and is catalyzed by the enzyme polymerase.

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7

Neutral mutations

________ do not affect an organisms fitness.

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8

Mutations

________ can have different impacts on fitness.

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9

tRNA molecules

________ transfer amino acids to the ribosomes.

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10

Beneficial mutations

________ increase the fitness (ability to survive and reproduce) of an organism.

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11

RNA strand

A newly created ________ is called a transcript.

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12

Transcription

________ occurs in three steps which are: initiation, elongation, and termination.

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13

Translation

________ involves all three types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)

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14

Mutations

________ can be spontaneous or induced.

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15

https

/ www.britannica.com/science/DNA-polymerase

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16

Transcription occurs in three steps which are

initiation, elongation, and termination

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17

Cancer-causing mutagens

___________ are called carcinogens.

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18

promotor

A ____________ is a region of DNA that defines the start of transcription, the direction of transcription, and which strand of DNA will be transcribed.

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19

Modifications that need to be made before a pre-mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus are

These modifications include a modified guanine nucleotide called a cap being placed at the 5’ end, a chain of 150-200 adenine nucleotides being added to the 3’ end (this is called a poly-A tail), and introns must be excised by complexes called spliceosomes.

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20

transcript

A newly created RNA strand is called a __________.

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