World History

240 Tutoring - TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232)

Credibility

an evaluation of whether information is true or trustworthy

Negativity Bias

when the focus of a piece focuses only, or predominantly, on the negative aspects without regard to positive aspect

Theocracy

a government run by religious officials who enforce religious principles

Modernization

the process by which less developed societies begin to take on the characteristics of more developed societies

Biography

a non-fiction text that an author writes about a different person's life

Framing Bias

when an author presents, or frames, an issue that affects the way the reader perceives it

Globalization

The process by which economies and societies have become integrated

Bias

Prejudiced feelings, outlook, or leanings for or against a particular person, race, ethnicity, age, or group, often without taking others' opinions into consideration.

Confirmation Bias

when a person seeks to confirm what he already knows, without consideration to evidence which might be contrary

Peer-Reviewed Journal

a high quality source of information which uses experts to screen each article submitted to the publication

Reliable Source / Credible Source

Information presented in a professional way, with a formal tone, includes source documentation, and author and/or publisher information.

Collectivization

a Soviet agricultural policy of creating large collective state-owned farms from previously individually owned farms

URL Extension

the notation at the end of a web address that categorizes the website type

Secondary Source

These resources are used to interpret the primary sources in order to determine their validity. They are written about the primary sources.

Dynastic Cycle

the pattern used to describe the rise and fall of Chinese dynasties

Chronology

organizing historical events by when they occurred and determining accurate dates

Nation-State

an area in which the majority of the population shares the same culture and government

Autobiography

a non-fiction text that an author writes about their own life

Periodization

categorizing large amounts of time into named and defined sections in order to more easily study the history of those times

Domain Address

the official name of a website

Primary Source

the "first hand" eye-witness accounts of an event

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, captured by the Byzantine Empire.

Iron Age

a historical period characterized by the use of iron or steel tools instead of bronze in a society (roughly between 500 BCE and 800 AD)

Feudalism

A social system in Europe divided by class. Kings allowed the lords to own the land, the knights were warriors, and the peasants/serfs did the work.

Age of Faith

Another term for the Middle Ages as a time of Christian outlook and behavior, but also a time of great superstition and little education.

Phoenicians

Developed an alphabet that became the model for the Greek and Latin alphabets.

Nirvana

within Buddhism, a state of complete enlightenment

Charlemagne / Charles The Great

Ruler of Western Europe and strived to unite Germanic countries and convert them to Christianity, typically through military force.

Sophocles

Greek. A playwright of dramas and comedies still performed today

Renaissance

The rebirth of Europe's interest in ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome including interest in art and literature. (1453 CE to 1600 CE). Spurred by trading and the crusades.

Eastern Orthodox Church

Began in CE 1054, when the Church of the Eastern Roman Empire split.

Holocene Epoch

the current epoch of geologic time which began 10,000 years ago

Xia Dynasty

Oldest chinese dynasty (2070 BCE to 1600 BCE)

Pope Urban II

Pope who called for a Holy Crusade to drive the Muslim Turks away from Constantinople and take back the Holy Land of Jerusalem.

Black Plague / Black Death

An outbreak of the Bubonic Plague. A deadly epidemic that struck Europe in the mid-1300's and killed millions.

Pharaohs

The Egyptian rulers who were often called god-kings.

Eratosthenes

Greek. Mathematician, geographer, and astronomer who was the first to calculate the circumference of the world.

Thucydides

Greek. Authored accounts about the Peloponnesian War and the battles between Athens and Sparta

daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Holy Roman Empire

central European lands ruled by Frankish and German kings from 800 to 1806

Mayan Native Americans

A civilization known for its advancement in mathematics and writing. Built pyramids.

Manor

Unit of land, originally a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord's lands and other lands rented to tenants.

Division of The Roman Empire

Divided by the Emperor Diocletian into the Eastern and Western Empires (285 CE)

Inca Native Americans

The largest tribe located on the Pacific Coast of South America. Used mathematical skills. Believed in reincarnation and worshipped nature.

Normans

A member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded Great Britain in 1066

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish Conquistador whose expedition led to the fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521

Vedas

the primary text of the Hindu religion

Middle Ages / Medieval Period

A period in Europe after the Fall of Rome and up to the Fall of Constantinople (476 CE to 1453 CE). Characterized by Kings controlling territories or smaller empires than what Rome had been. Includes the Black Death.

William The Conqueror

Leader of the Normans, conquered Great Britain in 1066

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Roman Catholic Church

The most powerful Medieval institution, supreme in religious matters and a force in political matters as well.

Byzantine Empire

a vast, ancient empire; the eastern portion of the empire survived until conquered by the Ottoman army in 1453

Gupta Empire

The dynasty that ruled northern India and was known for achievements in art, architecture, science, math, and religion.

Siddhartha Gautama

The first buddha, founder of the Buddhist religion

Plato

Greek. Pupil of Socrates; author of The Republic; influential political scientist

Brahmanism

a religious ideology and part of Hinduism that relates to humans' quest for God

Polytheism

the belief in and the worship of more than one god.

Yellow River

The birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations. Also called "Mother River" and the "Cradle of Chinese Civilization"

Feudal Era

The time period from 1192-1868 when power in Japan was concentrated in the shogun, the daimyo, and the samurai.

Cuneiform

One of the oldest known writing systems. Created by the Sumerians. Made by creating wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets.

Monsoon

Periods of extended, heavy rainfalls, which occur in Asia and Oceania

Justinian I

Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565; he reunited the parts of the Roman empire, simplified Roman laws with Justinian's Code, and ordered Hagia Sophia built.

Euclid

Greek, Father of geometry

Sudanic Trading Kingdoms

The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, which ruled the area of Western Africa from 700-1600 AD.

Hinduism

Considered one of the world's oldest religions, but sometimes called a way of life; there is a belief in reincarnation and that one can move up or down in their class in their next lives but not their current lives.

Aztec Native Americans

The tribe in central Mexico that ruled itself and used creativity in art, music, poetry, and tattoos. Built temples and used rituals including human sacrifice. Main city was Tenochtitlan, the current Mexico City.

Bantu Migration

the movement of the Bantu people and their language from West Africa to the south and east

Nile River and Nile River Delta

Major river that became the basis for Ancient Egyptian civilization. Predictable annual flooding promoted fertile soil and resulted in the belief in mainly benevolent Gods. The Nile supported agriculture with the delta facilitating irrigation for a large area of land, allowing Egyptian farms to support a large population with minimal human resources used for food production.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Koran

The holy book of Islam

Caliphate

Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

Silk Road

A trade route that ran (100 BCE to 1300 CE) from China through Afghanistan and into Persia and Eastern Europe that carried goods and ideas between civilizations.

Genghis Khan

A Mongolian-born military leader who created the largest empire in the world by destroying individual tribes in Northeast Asia, and then uniting them under his rule; called the Mongol Empire. (1206 - 1227)

Code of Justinian

a series of texts developed in the Byzantine Empire that reworked Roman law and influenced jurisprudence

Constantinople

the capital of the Byzantine Empire, captured by the Ottoman army in 1453

Dark Ages

The first part of the middle ages (476 CE to 1050 CE). This period began with the fall of Rome and a decline of Western civilization.

Samurai

A member of the warrior class in feudal Japan

Taika Reforms

reforms in ancient Japan including ending private ownership of land

Hammurabi

Babylonian king who expanded Babylon and united southern Mesopotamia, reigned from 1792 to 1750 BCE

Aristotle

Greek. Pupil of Plato; influenced philosophers from the Renaissance to today; personal tutor of Alexander the Great

Pharaoh Menes

First Pharaoh, King of Egypt who united Upper and Lower Egypt, unifying Egypt

Hieroglyphics

A form of picture writing on papyrus developed around 3300 BCE by the Egyptians.

Sumerians

Earliest known civilization in southern Mesopotamia

Golden Age of Greece

A time in ancient Greece (around 450 BCE), centered around Athens in which there was no war and the arts and architecture thrived.

Great Schism

the split of the Catholic Church into the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Nirvana

The state of englightenment for Buddhists.

Islam

A monotheistic faith regarded as revealed to Muhammad as the prophet of Allah

Homer

A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Abraham

considered a patriarch of the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and seen as a model of obedience to God

Shogun

Hereditary commander-in-chief of feudal Japan.

Punic Wars

A series of three wars by the Romans against the Phoenicians for dominance of the Mediterranean Sea. (264-146 BCE)

Buddhism

a religion with its roots in India that teaches life is endless and is marred by suffering and uncertainty

Caste System

Found in India; individuals are born into a socio-economic class and are required to stay in that class their entire life

Julius Caesar

A general and politician of the Roman Republic who made himself consul and dictator who began Rome's move from a republic to an empire. Assassinated by a group of senators who were pro-republic.

Five Pillars

five practices that every devout Muslim must carry out to be considered righteous before God

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Led to Protestant Reformation

Mercantilism

The economic idea that a country needs to amass wealth through more exporting than importing and measures wealth by the amount of gold that a nation possesses.

Prince Henry The Navigator

Most notable explorer who found alternate trade routes to India through investing in larger and better ships