APUSH Era of Good Feelings/Market Revolution/Slavery

What was the Marshall Court?

Court service of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, strengthened federal power through judicial review, established in Marbury v. Madison

What was Marbury v. Madison?

William Marbury sued Madison after Jefferson refused to give Marbury his commission after the Judiciary Act of 1801, Marshall ruled in favor of Madison, and established that the Supreme Court has the power to ensure laws passed by Congress are constitutional

What was Ogden v. Gibbons?

Could a state (NY) give a monopoly over interstate steamboat travel?

No. Only the fed govt. can regulate interstate commerce.

Strengthened fed power expanded the commerce clause

What was McColloch v. Maryland?

Maryland attempted to tax the Second National Bank, arguing that the federal government did not have the power to create the bank because the Constitution did not grant the government the power to do so, Marshall ruled that a state could not tax a federal bank, and ruled in favor of McColloch via the Elastic and Supremacy Clause

How did settlement differ in the Old Northwest and Old Southwest regions?

The Old Northwest focused on a primarily free-labor-based economy, while the Old Southwest focused on the use of slave labor to the cultivation and expansion of cotton

How did migration effect slavery?

Migration expanded slavery to the south and further into the Old Southwest due to the abundance of fertile soil in the blackbelt region and the growing number of available slaves

How did migration effect natives?

Migration further displaced the Five Civilized Tribes, including the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes westward towards Indiana on the Trail of Tears west of the Mississippi River

What was the Land Act of 1820 and why was it passed?

Ended the credit system for purchasing westward settlements, required full pay available upon purchase, and reduced a standard tract to 80 acres at $1.25 per acre, passed as a response to the Panic of 1819

What was the National Road?

First federally funded national highway the facilitated westward expansion from Cumberland, MA, to the Midwest, also known as the Cumberland Road

What was the Erie Canal?

Canal built from Albany to Buffalo, facilitated trade and promoted westward expansion

What was the Era of Good Feelings?

Occurred after the War of 1812, sense of national unity and political harmony, characterized by the decline of the Federalist Party and the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party

Who was president during the Era of Good Feelings and who were their prominent cabinet members?

James Monroe, John Quincy Adams was Secretary of State

What were the sectional disagreements between the north and south?

The north prioritized developing a manufacturing economy, especially during the Market Revolution, while the south favored slave labor in the growing cotton market during the cotton boom

What event ended the Era of Good Feelings?

The election of 1824 because it introduced political tension from the House of Representatives' electing of John Quincy Adams, while Andrew Jackson originally received more popular and electoral votes and had strongly opposing political views

What was the American System and who proposed it?

Created by Henry Clay to further strengthen and promote economic growth following the War of 1812, Tariff of 1816, protective tariff of American goods by 25%, created a second National Bank to process funds and give out loans, and promote infrastructure throughout the country to increase trade efficiency, primary goal was to curb sectionalism

What region opposed the American System and why?

The south strongly opposed the American System because it hurt their preexisting agriculture-based economy and primarily favored northern industry

Why was the American System seen as controversial by Jeffersonian Republicans?

Jefferson often advocated for an agrarian economy that opposed the Federalist views of a manufacturing economy, the development of infrastructure and a second National Bank opposed the Democratic-Republicans ideals on an agrarian economy

What was the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817?

Agreement between America and England to reduce the number of warships in the Great Lakes following the War of 1812, required because Treaty of Ghent only ended the War of 1812 and did not include any resolutions

What was the Convention of 1818?

Also known as the Anglo-American Convention, established the US-Canada border at the 49th parallel from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, and allowed for joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for 10 years

What was the Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819 and what caused it?

Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, was a 1819 agreement between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, ultimately solidifying U.S. control over a large portion of North America, caused by Spain's inability to control Florida during Andrew Jackson's invasion during the Seminole War

What was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823?

President Monroe ordered the newly independent Latin American nations and to Europe that they should refrain from further colonizing the western hemisphere, and America would remain out of European affairs, countries listened to the Monroe Doctrine because England also owned territory in America through the Convention of 1818

What was the Convention of 1824?

Agreement between America and Russia, solidifying the southern border of Russia in the American and British-owned Oregon Country

What was the Panic of 1819?

First major economic crisis in the United States, marked by a collapse in the American economy following the War of 1812, driven by factors like over-expansion of credit, land speculation, and a decline in European demand for American goods

What foreign factors caused the Panic of 1819?

European nations began relying on domestic agriculture and manufacturing following the Napoleonic Wars, reducing the need for American goods

Who took the blame for the Panic of 1819?

The National Bank took the blame for their poor loaning policies and speculative lending to unreliable loaners

What was the Missouri Compromise?

Addressed concerns over the expansion of slavery, Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as a free state to balance congressional representation, slavery is prohibited north of the Arkansas Territory

What was the Tallmadge Amendment?

Proposed by representative James Tallmadge Jr. to restrict slavery in the Missouri territory by promoting the gradual emancipation of slaves already living in Missouri and prohibiting the further importation of slaves into the state

Why was the Missouri Compromise only a temporary solution?

The Missouri Compromise only addressed the immediate crisis of Missouri's statehood and did not mention the expansion of slavery westward

What was the Market Revolution?

United States transitioned from a primarily agrarian, subsistence-based economy to a more market-oriented, industrial one, driven by technological advancements, transportation improvements, and increased commerce

Who invented the steamboat?

Robert Fulton

Who invented the Steel Plow?

John Deere

Who invented the mechanical reaper?

Cyrus McCormick

Who invented the Cotton Gin and Interchangeable Parts?

Eli Whitney

Why was the textile industry so profitable in New England?

The high demand for clothing and the surplus of cotton from the south made the textile industry very popular in northern markets

Who invented the sewing machine?

Elias Howe and I.M. Singer

Who invented vulcanized rubber?

Charles Goodyear

Who invented morse code and the transatlantic cable?

Samuel F.B. Morse Cyrus West Field

Who developed the factory system?

Samuel Slater

What were the Lowell Mills?

19th-century textile mills that pioneered an integrated manufacturing system, employing thousands, primarily young women known as Lowell Girls, and became a symbol of the early American Industrial Revolution

Why was federal funding withheld for transportation?

Debates over whether the federal government, state governments, or private companies could fund the newly planned infrastructure

Why was German migration popular during the Market Revolution?

Political and economic hardship in Germany and the promise of prosperity in America encouraged the immigration of 1.5 million Germans to work in the newly developed market economy, often worked as middle-class traders as farmers in the Old Northwest

What was the Irish Potato Famine and how did it encourage Irish immigration?

Widespread potato blight throughout Ireland from 1845-1852, causing the mass immigration of Irish families looking for economic prosperity in America, often worked as unskilled workers in northern factories

What was the Cult of Domesticity?

Believe that all women were supposed to create a serene environment for their husbands at home and take care of the house and children, the wives were expected to show piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity

What was the impact of the Cotton Gin on slavery?

The Cotton Gin increased the efficiency of producing cotton, a very profitable cash crop, this encouraged the use and spread of slave labor to perform the very laborious process of developing this crop

What was the Second Middle Passage?

Forced migration and sale of slaves to the lower south, often sold down the Mississippi River or walked in coffles down to southern slave pens

What was the hierarchy of the south?

Planters, large scale plantation owners, yeoman farmers, owned little or no slaves, subsidence farming, poor whites, artisans and servants, slaves

What were the types of slaves and what were their daily lives?

Field workers, produced cash crops alongside other slaves, often held in poor living conditions, observed by overseers, slaves hired to keep their fellow slaves in check, house servants, surrounded by white people, constantly serving and taking care of the slaveowner and his family in the big house, artisans, created special tools and equipment needed by the slaveowner, popular in northern manufacturing

What were slave/black codes?

Slave codes were rules and restrictions that defined slaves as property and restricted their rights, black codes limited the freedom of formerly enslaved people and limited their rights, gave black people the right to own property, make contracts and marry

What was Nat Turner's Rebellion?

Slave revolt in 1831 in Southampton County, Virginia, led by Nat Turner, an enslaved preacher, that resulted in the deaths of around 55 white people and led to a brutal crackdown on enslaved people and a surge in fear among white Southerners

What were discreet ways slave rebelled against their owners?

Slowing down work, breaking tools, theft, escape, family, religion, faking polite to their owners and their families, and developing a large African American community

What were the main justifications for slavery?

Economic dependence on slave labor, biblical interpretations justifying it, the idea of a natural social hierarchy, and even claims that slavery was a "positive good" providing care for the enslaved for their entire lives rather than northern industries only caring about a worker during their working years

How did the south attempt to stop the spread of anti-slavery influence and what encouraged them to do so?

Burning anti-slavery literature, restricting slave movement, growing pressure from the north to abolish slavery and England's freeing of slaves in the West Indies pressured the south into protecting slavery at the risk of ceding from the Union

What was the Gag Rule?

Enacted in 1836 and renewed annually until 1844, prohibited the consideration of any petitions or discussions related to slavery, effectively silencing abolitionist voices and debates