module 1 Intro to anatomy

What is the branch of science dealing with structure, composition, properties, and reactive characteristics of substances, especially at the atomic and molecular levels?

Chemistry

Physiological processes are ________ in nature (digestion, respiration, movement)

Chemical

Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions

Elements

Every element has unique ——- (Bp, melting point, solubility)

Properties

What elements make up 96% of body mass

C, H, O, N

Most abundant element in the body

Oxygen

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, I, Fe

3.9% of body mass

Al, B, Cr, Co, Cu, F, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn

Trace elements 0.1%

Smallest indivisible unit of an element that can retain all of the properties of that element

Atom

Component of an atom with a +1 charge, mass of 1, located in the nucleus

Proton

Particle of an atom, 0 charge, mass of one, located in the nucleus

Neutron

Particle of an atom that has a -1 charge, 0 mass, and is found in the orbitals

Electron

The number of electrons = protons, electrostatic charge = 0

Neutrality

Part of an atom responsible for electrostatic attraction

Electron

Number of ———- = atoms atomic number

Proton

Number of protons

Atomic number

Particle that is electrostatically attracted to electrons

Protons

Number of protons + number of neutrons

Atomic mass or weight

Two or more atoms joined together into a unit

Molecules

Smallest part of a compound that can retain all the properties of that compound

Molecules

Two or more atoms of different elements, chemically combined in definite proportions, posesses properties unique from the elements that make it up

Compounds

Where is potential energy stored in a compound

Chemical bonds

The particle involved in chemical reactions

Electrons

Atoms desire 8 electrons in outer shell and will react with one another to achieve this number

Octet rule/rule of 8’s

Number of electrons in shell 1

2

Number of electrons in shells 2-4

8

Bonds that involve atoms giving up or taking an electron to complete the outer shell, that results in a charged ion

Ionic bonds

Postitively charged ion

Cation

Negatively charged ion

Anion

Bonds where electrons are shared by an atoms to complete the octet

Covalent bonds

Covalent bonds with equal charing of electron, O2, CO2

Non polar covalent bond

Covalent bonds with unequal sharing of electrons, H2O

Polar covalent bonds

Bond that forms between molecules with a H bonded to O or N, very weak, found in water, protein, DNA

Hydrogen bond

Reactions must always be…

balanced

Reactions where:

A+B—→ AB

a bond is formed

Endergonic

Anabolic

EX: dehydration reactions

Synthesis reactions

what kind of reaction occurs when amino acids are joined to form a protein

synthesis

what kind of reaction involves

AB—> A+B

bonds are broken

exergonic

catabolic

Ex: hydrolysis

decomposition

what type of reaction occurs when glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules

decomposition

what kind of reaction involves

AB +C —> AC + B

AB + CD—> AD + CB

“trading places”

exchange reaction

what kind of reaction occurs when ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose phosphate?

exhange reaction

what is the medium for chemical reaction

water

what compound is known for a high heat capacity that makes it a preffered medium for chemical rxns

water

water loving

hydrophilic

water hating

hydrophobic

unequal distribution of charge

polarity

what substance acts as a lubricant to reduce friction in the abdominal cavity

water

what is the function of water that helps move substances like plasma, or urea from the kidney

transportation

high boiling and heat of fusion are characteristics of what

water

ionize in water to release hydrogen ions (protons w no electrons)

acids

proton donor

acid

sour in taste

acid

ionize in water to release OH-

proton acceptor

bitter taste

NaOH—> Na+ OH-

bases

formed when acid reacts w a base

found in bones and teeth

structural integrity

electrolytes in water

salts

measurement of H+ concentration

pH

most acidic on pH scale

0

least acidic on pH scale

14

neutral on pH scale

7

pH of blood

7.35-7.45

increased acidity in the blood

acidosis

increased basisity in the blood

alkalosis

chemicals that stabilize pH, ie, carbonic acid

buffers

small compunds that lack carbon

ionic bonds

O2, CO2, H2O, salts, acids, bases

inorganic compounds

compounds containing carbon

may have H, O, N, S, or P

covalent bonding

organic compounds

compounds characterized by 

easily decomposed

macromolecules

• polymers

• isomers

• dehydration synthesis

• hydrolysis

organic compounds

four classes of organic compounds

lipids, proteins, carbohyrates, nucleic acids

molecules that:

contain C,H,O ( H and O in a 2:1 ratio)

sugars, starches, glycogen, cellulose

monosacchirides

disacchrides

polysaccharides

carbs

molecules that function as 

energy source

supplies materials for building cell structures

reserve energy supply

carbs

molecules that

• contain C, H, O

• ex: fats, oils, waxes

• usually insoluble in polar solvents

• hydrophobic

• disolve in non polar solvents like chloroform or ether

  • found in the blood as water soluble lipoproteins

lipids

molecules that are:

major components of cell membranes

have twice as much potential energy compared to carbs

serve as padding, insulation and flotation

lipids

the building blocks of lipids are ——— and ———-

glycerol and fatty acids

glycerol is a

sugar alchohol

chains of C and H atoms with a carboxyl/ -COOH at each end

fatty acids

molecules that are:

more complex in structure than other macromolecules

large

compose 12-18% of an adult human

contains CHON and sometimes, S or P

protein

what molecule is responsible for hormones and providing strength to tissues

protein

protein/hormone that regulates glucose levels

insulin

protein/hormone that mediates the pain sensation in the nervous system

substance P

hormone/protein that stimulates milk production and smooth muscle contraction in childbirth (think of Miko!)

oxytocin

protein that is fount in the hair and nailt that also keeps the skin water proof

keratin

protein that is found in all connective tissues and is the most abundant protein in the body

collagen

what kind of proteins allow the contraction of muscle tissues to produce movement

contractile proteins

which contractille protein is a thin contractile filament

actin

which contractile protein is a thick contractile filament

myosin

what kind of proteins carry vital substances throughout the body

transport proteins

what protein carries oxygen in blood

hemoglobin

protein that carriex oxygen in the muscles

myoglobin

what molecule is a last resort burned for body fuel in times of starvation

protein

building blocks of proteins

amino acids

how many types of amino acids are there

20

three parts of an amino acid

amino, carboxyl, and R group

Molecules that are

made of C, H, O, N, P

largest molecules in the body

units are called nucletides

DNA

RNA

Nucleic Acids

morphology/ form and structure of an organism

anatomy

function of body parts

physiology

movement from the skeletal systam providing the framework for muscles

external movement

movement in systems like cardiovascular, digestive and urinary systems

internal movement

term for the ability to sense and react to stimuli, also the major responsibility of the nervous system

responsiveness

term for an increase in size, either from the number of cellsor the size of the individual cell, 

growth

which occurs faster, constructive or destructive activities

constructive

the process of cellular reproduction where the cell’s nucleus replicates and divides in preparation for the division of the cell

mitosis

the process of organism reproduction where the genetic information is mixed and divided into cells with hald the number of chromosomes

meiosis

the nucleic acid that contains genetic information

DNA