Class, Power and Crime

Walter B. Miller

The lower class has developed an independent subculture with its own distinctive norms and values that class with those of the mainstream culture, explaining the higher crime rate.

Merton

Strain theory of the working-class who are denied the opportunity to achieve ‘money success' legitimately’

Cohen

Status frustation for the working-class who find themselves at the bottom of the official status hierarchy due to blocked opportunities, leading to delinquent subculture and alternate status heirarchy.

Labelling theory approach

• Reject the view that official statistics give a valid picture of which class commits most crime

• Instead of seeking the causes of W/C criminalisty, they focus onwhy the come to be labelled, emphasising stereotypes.

Criminogenic capitalism

• Crime is the only way the W/C can survive due to poverty

• Crime may be the only way to obtain consumer goods, resulting in utilitarian crime

• Alienation and lack of control leads to frustration and aggression

• ‘Dog eat dog’ system

David Gordon (1976)

Crime is a rational response to the capitalist system and hence it is found in all social classes despite official statistics

William Chambliss (1975)

Laws to protect private property are the cornerstone of the capitalist economy, illustrated through the English law into Britains East African colonies

Laureen Snider (1993)

The capitalist state is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of the businesses or threaten their profitability.

Selective enforcement

The police and courts tend to ignore the crimes of the powerful whilst criminalising the W/C and powerless groups.

Frank Pearce (1976)

Laws that are occasionally passed appearing to only benefit the W/C also benefit the ruling class by creating a false class consciousness among the workers. Selective enforcement encourages W/C to blame the criminals rather than capitalism for their problems.

Evaluation of Marxism

• Ignores the relationship between crime and non-class inequalities

• Deterministic and over-predicts W/C crime

• Not all capitalist societies have high crime rates

• Ignored intra-class crimes

Taylor et al (Neo-marxism)

Takes a voluntaristic view - the idea of free will and crime is a meaningful actions and a conscious choice with a political motive.

A fully social theory of deviance (Taylor et al Neo-marxism)

1. The wider origins of the deviant act

2. The immediate origins of the deviant act

3. The meaning of the act itself

4. The immediate origins of the social reaction

5. The wider origins of the social reaction

6. The effects of labelling

Feminist criticism of critical criminology

Gender Blind, focusing on male criminality at the expense of female criminality

Left realist criticism of critical criminology

Romantises working-class criminals as ‘Robin Hoods’ who are fighting capitalism by redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor but in reality these criminals prey on the poor

Burke (2005)

Critical criminology is both too general to explain crime and too idealistic to be useful in tackling crime

Reiman and Leighton (2012)

‘The Rich get richer and the Poor get Prison’ book shows that the more likely a crime is to be committed by higher-class people, the less likely it is to be treated as an offence.

Edwin Sutherland (1949)

‘White collar crime’ - a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation

Occupational Crime

Crime commiited by employees for their own personal gain, often against their organisation of work

Corporate crime

Crime committed by employees for their organisation in pursuit of it’s goals

Pearce and Tombs (2003)

Define corporate crime as any illegal act or omission that is the result of deliberate decisions or culpable negligence by a legitimate business organisation, intended to benefit the business

Tombs (2013)

Corporate crime has enormous physical, environmental and economic costs and it is ‘widespread, routine and pervasive’.

Corporate crime acts

Financial crimes, Crimes against consumers, Crimes against employees, Crimes against the environenment, State-corporate crime

Carrabine et al (2014)

We entrust high-status professionals with our finances, our health, our security and our personal information, giving them the opportunity to abuse this trust.

Multinational accountancy firm KPMG

Admitted in the USA to criminal wrongdoing and paid a $456m fine for its role in a tax fraud

GP Harold Shipman

In 2000, was convicted of the murder of 15 of his patients but over the course of the previous 23 years, is believed to have murdered at least another 200

Shipman 1976

Convicted of obtaining the enough morphine to kill 360 people, which only receive a warning from General Medical council

Invisibility of corporate crime

The media, lack of political will to tackle corporate crime, crimes too complex to investigate, De-labelling and filtered from criminalisation and under-reporting

HSBC bank 2010

French authorities listed 3,6000 UK citizens holding secret bank accounts beleived to be a means of evading tax yet no action was taken against the bank

Campaigns against corporate crime

Since financial crisis of 2008, people have made campaigns against corporate tax avoidance such as Occupy, UK uncut, investigative journalists, and media.

Marketisation and privatisation of public services

Large corporations are much more involved in people’s lives and thus more exposed to public scrutiny

Box (1983)

If a company cannot achieve its goal of maximising profit by legal means, it may employ illegal ones instead

Nelken (2012)

It s unrealistic to assume that all businesses would offend were it not for the risk of punishment: for example, maintaining the goodwill of partnering companies

Evaluation of corporate crime

Capitalist pursuit of profit doesn’t explain crime in non-proft making state agencies such as the police, army or civil services.

Braithwaite (1984)

Law abiding can be more profitable than crime - US pharmaceutical companies that complied with Federal Drug Administration regulations to obtain licenses for their products in America were then able to access lucrative markets in poorer countries.